811 



PHILLPOTT8, HENRY, D.D. 



PlULOrXEMEN. 



611 



cited, the following view of the singular effect* of this work occura : 

 " Among the veuU belonging to the iliflu.-ion of sound geological 

 views, we may notice the publication of a little volume, entitled ' The 

 Geology of England and Wale*,' by Mr. Conybenre [CO.NTBKABK, 

 WILLIAM DAXIKL], and Mr. Phillip*, in 1821 [1822]; an event far 

 mor* important than, from the modest form aud character of the 

 work, it might at first sight appear. By describing in detail the 

 geological atructure and circumstance* of one pa/t of England (at 

 but ai far downwardi aa the coal), it enabled a very wide class of 

 reader* to understand and verify the classifications which geology had 

 then very recently established; while the extensive knowledge and 

 philosophical spirit of Mr. Conybeare rendered it, under the guise of a 

 topographical enumeration, in reality a profound and instructive 

 tflUptjn> treatise. The Tact impulse which it gave to the study of 

 sound descriptive geology was felt and acknowledged in other countries, 

 aa well aa in Britain." 



Now, in reference to this high commendation, it must be recorded, 

 that to the just appreciation of Dr. Conybeare's proposed contributions 

 by William Phillips, the production of this work was owing, aud 

 therefore, that though undoubtedly the inferior collaborator in point 

 of high talent and extended geological information, a fair share of the 

 praise awarded to it, and of the merit of having conferred such benefits 

 on geology, is due to him, who possessed the rare endowment of 

 conscientiously estimating the accomplishments of his superiors in 

 science. 



Each of the five volumes constituting the fint series of 'Trans- 

 action* of the Geological Society ' contains papers by William Phillips. 

 Of these, six are elaborate communications on subjects of mineralogy 

 and the measurement of crystals ; aud two are geological an admir- 

 able paper ' On the Veins of Cornwall,' in vol. ii., and, in vol. v. a 

 paper, ' On the Chalk Cliffs near Dover, and on the opposite coast of 

 France,' in which he proves that the cliffs on the two sides of the 

 English Channel, though evidently portions of strata once continuous, 

 must always have been separated by a considerable space, while the 

 once connecting mass muit have been removed at a remote period. 

 Some minor papers of geological observations he communicated to the 

 'Annals of Philosophy,' and the 'Philosophical Magazine.' He was 

 an early, if not sn original member of the Geological Society, and is 

 named as a member of the council in tho first published list; he was 

 also an honorary member of the Cambridge University Philosophical 

 Society, to which honour, as being himself a Quaker, he often referred 

 with great interest. In 1627 his merits were fully recognised by hia 

 election as a Fellow of the Royal Society ; but this recognition he did 

 not long survive, for after a short but severe illness he died at hia 

 house at Tottenham Green, in the spring of 1828, aged fifty -eight. 



PHILLPUT T.S, HENRY, D.D., Bishop of Exeter, the son of a 

 respectable hotel-keeper of Uloucester, was born in that city in 1777. 

 At the age of fifteen he was elected to a scholarship at Corpus Christi 

 College, Oxford, and having taken the degree of B.A., gained the 

 chancellor's prize for an English essay in 1795. He was elected in the 

 following year to a fellowship at Magdalen College, which he vacated 

 on his marriage in 1804 with Miss Surtees, a niece of the late Lord 

 Chancellor Eldon. In 1806 he became chaplain to Dr. Harrington, 

 bishop of Durham, and in that capacity distinguished himself by a 

 controversy which ho maintained against the late learned historian, 

 Dr. Lingard, and subsequently by tho publication of some pamphlets, 

 vindicating the established clergy in the north from the attacks of 

 Lords Grey and Durham. For these services he was rewarded with 

 the rich living of Stanhope. In 1826 he again entered the list* of 

 controversy, as tho opponent of Mr. Charles Butler's 'Book of tho 

 Catholic Church.' In 1827 he published hi* celebrated 'Letter on 

 Catholic Emancipation ' addressed to Mr. Canning, soon after which 

 he was promoted (in 1828) to tho deanery of Chester, which he ex- 

 changed in October 1830 for the bishopric of Exeter. As a member 

 of this House of Lords, Bishop Philluotts has proved the zealous 

 champion of Tory principles, and consequently opposed the Reform 

 l;ill, the Irish Church Temporalities Bill, the Poor Law Bill, the Eccle- 

 siastical Commission, the National Education Bill, nnd every measure 

 of a liberal tendency. Dr. Phillpott* has been for many years in 

 that assembly the recognised episcopal head and representative of the 

 extreme High Church party, and by his writings and speeches has 

 warmly advocated the revival of convocation, and of other innovations 

 on tho established system of ecclesiastical affairs. In 1849 he rejected 

 Mr. Uorham, who was nominated by the crown to a living in Devon- 

 shirt, on the ground that he held erroneous opinions as to the effect* 

 of infant baptism ; and though be was supported by the ecclesiastical 

 courts, their judgment was act aside on appeal by a decision of the 

 judicial committee of tho privy council in 1850. On this Dr. Phill- 

 pott* published a ' Letter,' in which he formally excommunicated the 

 Archbishop of Canterbury, who had been a party to the decision. In 

 the following year he held a synod of his clergy at Exeter, which was 

 pronounced illegal by the officers of the crown, aud has never since 

 been summoned. The lint of Dr. Phillpott*' controversial pamphlets 

 occupies no lea* than twelve page* in the new catalogue of the British 

 Museum. 



1'IIILO (+i\mr). the name of several ancient physicians, though it is 

 difficult to determine exactly how many. Fabricius (' Biblioth. Gneca ') 

 ruppow* four, of whom the most eminent wa? the author of the cele- 



brated antidote called, after his name, Philonium. He left behind him 

 direction* for composing this medicine in a short Greek poem, of 

 twenty-six lines, written in a very enigmatical style, which, together 

 with an explanation of it, may be Seen in Galen. ('De Compos. 

 Medium., KOTO ndrovt, lib. ix., cap. 4, p. 267, ed. Kuhn.) It seems to 

 have been something like the Mithridate, the Theriaca, and the Hiera 

 Archigenis, and was, as Ualen tolls us, one of the most ancient as well 

 as one of the most esteemed of this kind of medicines. Philo was 

 born at Tarsus in Cilicia (Galen, he. cit.), and is supposed to have 

 lived about the beginning of the Christian era. 



Another physician of this name, probably contemporary with 

 Plutarch, in the 2nd century of our era, is quoted by him (' Sympo*.' 

 lib. viiL, quaest. 9, sec. 1) as having said that Elephantiasis first 

 appeared shortly before his time. In this opinion however he U 

 probably mistaken. See a treatise by JuL Alb. llofmaun, entitled 

 1 Kabiei Canina ad Celsum usque Historia Crilica,' 8vo, Lips., 

 p. 53. 



PHILO JUD^EUS, that is, Philo the Jew, was a native of Alex- 

 andria. The precise time of his lirth is unknown ; but ho represent* 

 himself aa of advanced age about A.D. 40, when he was sent as chief 

 of an embassy from tho Jews of Alexandria to the Emperor Caligula, 

 for the purpose of pleading their csuso agsinst Apion, who charged 

 them with refusing to pay due honours to Ce&sar. He went again to 

 Itouie in the reign of Claudius, and after this nothing is known with 

 certainty about him. 



Philo had a brother employed in the affairs of government at 

 Alexandria, named Alexander Lyaimachus, who is supposed to bo the 

 Alexander mentioned in Acts iv. 6, as a man " of the kindred of the 

 high-priest." That Philo was a member of the sacerdotal family is 

 asserted by Knsebius and others, and his owu writings indirectly 

 that such was tho fact. There is also reason to believe that he belonged 

 to tho sect of tho Pharisees. 



Philo was eminent for his learning and eloquence. To the attain- 

 ments usually made by the Jews of his condition ho added an extensive 

 knowledge of the Greek philosophy, aud especially of that of Plato. 

 He has been represented by Scaliger and Cudworth as ignorant of 

 Jewish literature and customs, but Fabricius and Mangey have clearly 

 shown that such representation is entirely groundless. As an 

 preter of the Jewish scriptures ho is fond of allegorising, a pc< 

 interpretation which had long prevailed at Alexandria. That 1'hilo 

 was a follower of Plato in philosophy there can be no doubt, but it 

 must not therefore bo concluded that his style is Platonic or his 

 language Attic. He writes well indeed, but Hill as an Alexandrian 

 Jew. Mangey styles him ''the chief of the Jewish, and not much 

 inferior to the Christian writers." 



The principal editions of Philo are those of Geneva, 1613 ; Paris, 

 1640; Mangey, London, 1742; Ricbter, Leipzig, 1828-30. Maugey's 

 edition, in 2 vola. folio, was printed by the learned William Bowyer. 

 It is a splendid book, aud does great honour to the English press. 

 The works of Philo, as they are here presented, amount to lorty-seven 

 treatises, with six fragments, upon subjects mostly referring to the 

 Jewish religion. The arrangement of these treatises appears to be 

 arbitrary, and it would perhaps be impracticable to reduce them to 

 order. Richtcr'u edition, in 8 vola. small 8vo, follows Mangey's text, 

 but does not give the Latin version. It contains two more tract* of 

 Philo, on the ' Feast of tho Basket ' and on ' Honouring Parents,' which 

 tracts Augelo Mai discovered in the Lanrentian Library at Florence, 

 and published with a Latin version at Milan in 1818. Richter's edition 

 contains moreover a Latin translation of seven treatises of Philo existing 

 in on Armenian version, supposed to have been made in the 4th or 

 5th century, and published in Armenian and Latin by John Baptist 

 Aucher, at Venice, in 1822 and 1826. 



An ample account of Philo aud his writing; may be found in the 

 'Bibliotheca Grtuca' of Fabricius, and in Mangey's preface, whose 

 materials are derived from Josephus, Justin Martyr, Clemens of 

 Alexandria, Eusebius, Jerome, and others, including of course Philo 

 himself. 



I'llI 1,0. Many other Philos are named ; but as they do not appear 

 worthy of particular notice, it may suffice to state that a catalogue of 

 them, to the number of more tbau forty, is given in the third volume 

 of the BihliothecaQroca' of Fabriuius. 



I'll] LoDK'MUS was an Epicurean philosopher nnd poet, and is 

 mentioned by Cicero and Horace. Fragments of bis epigrams are in 

 tho Greek Anthology. (Fabricius, Bibliotheca Qraca.) 



I'M 1 LOLA 'US, a native of Crotoua, flourished about n.c. 371. 

 was a Pythagorean, a disciple of Archytas, and tho first who wrote 

 on the subject of physics. It is said that Plato bought, at an enormous 

 prior, three books of Philolaus, with the aid of which he composed hi* 

 ' Timoous.' In several ancient writers quotations are made from 

 Philolau*. (Fabricius, Jiibliol/ieca GYirco.) 



PHILOPtKMEX, the son of Craugis or Crausis of Megalopolis in 

 Arcadia, was born about B.c. 253. Having lost bin father when he was 

 still a boy, he was educated by Oleander of Msntineia, an intimate 

 friend of Crausts. He was afterwards placed under the tuition of 

 Ecd'-mus and Demophanes, two distinguished citizens of Megalopolis 

 and friends of Aratus. Philopoamen studied philosophy and the art 

 of war, of which ho wa* very fond from early youth ; "ho con : 

 it," a* Plutarch HOJS, " tho most important and useful occupation of 



