riSlSTRATID.E. 



PITCAIRNK, ARCHIBALD, M.D. 



and a Martyrdom of 8k Peter in the church of San Franceeoo at 

 Aatisi (it is engraved by Lasiuio in tlia ' Ktrnria Pittri ' of Lastrici). 

 The Campo Santo wai built or commenced by Giovanni Pisano in 

 (' ArebjBologio*,' roL xxiii. pt 1.) Oinnta was contemporary 

 with Guido of Siena and Bonavent ura Berlingieri of Luoca ; and all 

 belong to the Byzantine achool in style brown carnation*, positive 

 colour in the ilraperief, emaciated fact*, drawn in coarse outline* 

 with hutchings for the shadows, and elongated extremities, even with 

 oooaaional abort thick figures ; but their forms are generally attenuated 

 and emaciated. This uieagreneai of form however, often had an his- 

 torical and illustrative signification ; as sorrow^ resignation, or bodily 

 suffering are almost exclusively the sentiments expressed in early 

 paintings ; as we also generally find to be the case in manuscripts. 

 These peculiarities of style were not much improved until the time 

 of Giotto, and not wholly corrected until Maeaccio, two centuries litter 

 than Giunta. They were, says Lanzi, faults of the times rather than 

 of the men. Mr. W. Y. Ottley possessed an old Italian distemper 

 picture of the Crucifixion, which he supposed was a work by Giunta. 

 Va>ari baa omitted the Life of this painter. There is no notice of him 

 later than 12S6, but be may hare lived some time beyond this date. 



ANDREA PISANO was another early artist of Pisa, but nearly a cen- 

 tury later than Giunta and Niooola Pisani. He was born in 1280, 

 was distinguished both as architect and sculptor, and particularly as 

 a metal-founder, in which art he was the first of his age. He is said 

 by Vaaari to have imitated the design of Giotto in the Campo Santo. 

 He was invited early to Florence, where he executed several cele- 

 brated works. The first were statues of Pope Boniface VIII. and St. 

 Peter and St. Paul, from designs by Giotto, for the facade of Santa 

 Maria del Fiore ; they are now, with other works by Andrea, in the 

 Stiozzi garden al Valfomla ; the pope is engraved in Cicognara's 

 Storia della Scultura.' Vasari attributes to Andrea the colossal 

 Madonna and Child, and the two accompanying angels, in marble, in 

 the obapel della Misericordia of the Piazza San Giovanni at Florence, 

 but this was the work of Alberto di Arnoldo in 1364 ; the error was 

 detected by Vinceuzio Follini : the documents are given by Cioognara 

 and llumobr. The half-figure of the Madonna above a side door of 

 the Misericordia, on the wall of the Cialdonai, is the work of Andrea, 

 and was a celebrated work, because, says Vasari, contrary to his usual 

 custom, he imitated the antique. Andrea's great work in sculpture 

 however, was the bronze gate for the Baptistery of St. John, which ho 

 undertook to make from a design by Giotto, who was in the time of 

 Clement residing at Avignon. He had a few years previously sent 

 Pope Clement V. (1306-14), through Giotto, a bronze crucifix as a 

 present, and the excellence of this work led to the important com- 

 mission to model and cast two of the bronze gates of the Baptistery, 

 which, after the lapse of twenty-two years, pays Vasari (BaUlinucci 

 ays eight years), in 1339, with the assistance of his son Nino, he 

 successfully accomplished ; not that he was all this time exclusively 

 occupied on this work, for he executed many othrrs in the meanwhile. 

 The sculptures are from the life of John the Baptist, and were gilded, 

 and the gates were fixed up in the central entrance to the Baptistery ; 

 but upon the completion of the much more excellent gates of Ghiberti, 

 they were removed to one of the side entrances, and those of Ghiberti 

 were put in their place. The year 1339 in Vasari appears to be a 

 misprint ; for, according to most good authorities, the gates bear the 

 following inscription : Andreas Ugoliui Nini de Pisis me fecit anno 

 domini MCCCXXX. (Cicognsra, 'Storia della Scultura,' iii. 396; and 

 Lasinio, <Le tro Porte del Battiiterio di Firenze,' Florence, 1823, in 

 which all the gates (six) are well engraved.) But this date, according to 

 Giovanni Villani, one of the superintendents of the work, is the year 

 in which they were commenced ; if therefore they occupied twenty- 

 two years from this time, they were not finished until 1352, seven 

 years after Andrea's death, and accordingly by Nino, Andrea's son ; 

 but this is impossible, as Villani, who diod in 1848, saw the com- 

 pletion of the work the date therefore, 1330, is apparently the year 

 of the commencement of the casting in metal, which was done by 

 Venetian artists, the model only being finished in that year. As an 

 architect, Andrea designed the Castello di Scarpcria in Mngello at 



the foot of the Alps ; and Vaaari says, according to report, the Arsenal 

 of Venice, where be spent a year; he raised part of thu walls of 

 Florence eight ells in 1316; he designed the church of San Giovanni 



at Pistoja, commenced in 1337, and he executed many works for 

 Gualtieri, duke of Athens and tyrant of Florence, until the duke was 

 expelled from Florence in 1348. 



Andrea was made a citizen of Florence, and had other honours con- 

 ferred upon him. He died in 1345, and was buried in Santa Maria 

 del Fiore. His son Nino completed the unfinished works of his 

 father, and executed many original works of merit. Tommaso Pisano, 

 another pupil of Andrea, is supposed also to have been bin son. 



(Vasari, Vite de' Pittori, Ac., and the notes to the German transla- 

 tion by Schorn ; Lanzi, Gloria Pittoriea, Ac. ; Cicognnra, Storia della 

 Scultttra ; Kohler. Kunitblalt, 1827; Rumohr, in the Xutufblatl, 1821, 

 and Itnlirnuf.hr P^rtthungen ; D'Agincourt, I/ittoire de F Art par la 



y 



PlSI8TKATID.il?. Hippie* and Hipparchus were the two ions of 

 Piautratux, after* whose death Hippian, the elder, succeeded to the 

 rule. Thucvdides tells us that the general opinion in his time was, 

 that Hipparchns succeeded his father ; this however he asserts to be a 



mistake, although in the same chapter (Thucyd., vL 54) he observe! 

 incidentally that Hipparchus was not unpopular in his government, 

 thereby implying that he had some share therein. Thucydides Rive* 

 the brothers a character for encouraging manly virtue and cultivation, 

 for success in war, for piety, and for lenity in taxation. He say* 

 they only levied a rate of five per cent, on produce, and that they 

 rather interfered in the appointments to offices than with the adminis- 

 tration of the laws themselves. He gives Pisistratns, sou of Hippias, 

 as one among others of the family who served the office of archon. 



Hipparchus, the younger son, lost his life by a conspiracy during 

 the rule of his brother. He made oners of a degrading nature to 

 Harmodius, a young Athenian, and meeting with a repulse, insulted 

 his sister by refusing her admittance to a procession ou the score of 

 unworthiness. Harmodius resented the double indignity, and formed 

 a plan with bis friend Aristogeiton and some few other* to relieve 

 themselves from so hateful a tyranny. Hippias was their first object, 

 but finding themselves detected, they attacked Hipparchus with tho 

 violence of insulted men, and slew him at the coat of their own 

 The other conspirators were detected. Hippias exchanged ] 

 manners for suspicious cruelty, and at tho same time took measures 

 for ingratiating himself with Darius, king of Persia. In the fourth 

 year of his rule he was expelled, with Spartan aid, by the fugitive 

 AlonUBonids, and retired to Sigeum on the Hellespont, thence to 

 Lampsocus, and lastly to the court of Persia, to return again in old 

 age as the companion of the enemies of Greece, and to witness their 

 overthrow at Marathon nineteen years afterwards. Herodotus relates 

 that the Spartans repented of having expelled him, but that their 

 plans to restore him were opposed by the Corinthians, and fell to the 

 ground. (Herodotus, v. 91-96 ; Thueydides, vi 54-59.) 



PISI'STRATUS (n<r(<rrpaToj), son of Hippocrates, lived at the same 

 time with Crcosus, king of Lydia. He was the friend and relation of 

 Solon, and, during the lawgiver's absence, had formed and led one of 

 the three parties into which Athens was then split, namely, that 

 of the Highlands : Megaclcs and Lycurgus heading those of the Coast 

 and of the Plain. In H.C. 560 Pisistratus, having matured his plan of 

 self-aggrandisement, drove into the market-place, himself and his 

 mules marked with wounds inflicted by his own hand. He attributed 

 these wounds to the enemies of the people, whose friend he w:i 

 asked a guard, to which his brilliant services gave him some claim. 

 Fifty muce bearers were granted him, with whose help he made himself 

 master of the Acropolis. His triumph however in the first instance 

 did not last above five years, as Herodotus tells us, the other two 

 factious joined to drive him out before his rule became deeply rooted. 

 A new quarrel between Mrgacles and Lycurgus proved the m 

 his recal, and he strengthened himself by taking a daughter of 

 Megacles for his second wife. As one of the Alcmax>nids, she wag 

 held to be stricken with a curse, and Pisistratus, as his mother in-lavv 

 discovered, slighted her in consequence, so as to leave her a wife only 

 in name. Piaistratus was again expelled, and continued in exile for 

 about thirteen years ; indeed he seems to have hesitated whether he 

 should ever attempt to return. The judgment of his son HippUs 

 however prevailed, and after many years' preparation, he landed at 

 Marathon, took bis foes by surprise, routed them, spared the fugitives, 

 and was master of Athens. He strengthened himself by foreign and 

 native mercenaries, by gaining the favour of the poor, and taking 

 hostages of the rich, and ruled till his death, which took place B.C. 527. 



Herodotus observes that Athens, great as she was under the tyrants, 

 waxed yet greater afterwards : a way of expressing that the rule of 

 Pisistratns was a breathing-time, after the reforms of Solon, which 

 gave opportunity for those reforms to sink into the heart of the people, 

 to become not merely enacted but active, and which rendered the next 

 age more brilliant in production than it otherwise would have been. 

 To Pisistratus also were owing the first step in art taken at Athens, 

 the first important public buildings, the first poor's-rate, under tho 

 guise of a tax on the rich to defray the expense of those public 

 buildings, and lastly the first library, and the collection (as it is said) 

 of the poems of Homer. 



PISO, C. CALPU'RNIUS. [C.raAH ; Ciceno.] 



PITCAIRNK, ARCHIBALD, M.D., was born at Edinburgh in 1652. 

 He studied divinity and afterwards law at that university with iinlour; 

 but being obliged by the failure of his health to go to Montpellier, he 

 there acquired a love of medicine. On his return to Edinburgh, he 

 devoted himself to the pursuit of its several branches and to the study 

 of mathematics, by the application of which he believed (as many of 

 his contemporaries did), that much light might be thrown upon tho 

 phenomena of life. He afterwards studied in Paris, and thence 

 returning to his native place, he soon became the most renowned 

 practitioner in it. In 1692 he was invited to the professorship of 

 medicine at Leyden ; but hi* mathematical theories being less agreeable 

 than the doctrines of vitalism, which wero then becoming prevalent, 

 he hold the appointment little more than a year, and then returned 

 home, having reaped no other honour than that of having ha/1 

 tho celebrated Boerhaave among his pupils. He died at Edinburgh, 

 in 1713. 



Dr. Pitoairne's chief work was published after his death, under thu 

 title of ' Elementa Medicinn: Physico-Mathematica ; ' but, like ino.-t 

 others of the same class, it contains little that is now contidered 

 valuable. He also wrote a work to prove Harvey's claim to tho 



