865 



PLACITUS PAPYRIENSIS, SEXTUS. 



PLANUDES, MAXIMUS. 



886 



effectual opposition was offered to Pizarro, who marched upon and 

 captured Cuzco, the plunder of which city exceeded in value the 

 ransom of Atahualpa. 



In 1534, Ferdinand Pizarro landed in Spain with the royal share 

 of Atahualpa's ransom, when Francisco's authority was confirmed 

 with new powers and privileges, and Almagro was appointed adelan- 

 tado of a country to be conquered to the southward of Pizarro's 

 government. The reconciliation between Almagro and Pizarro had 

 never been sincere ; their evil passions were however for the present 

 suppressed, and Almagro marched to the conquest of Chile, while 

 Pizarro busied himself with the internal government of Peru, in the 

 arrangement and administration of which he showed considerable 

 judgment In January 1535, he founded the city of Lima, to which 

 he gave the name of Ciudad de los Reyes. In 1536 the Peruvians 

 roe and endeavoured to throw off the Spanish yoke : they cut off 

 several detachments, and completely blockaded Pizarro in Lima, and 

 his brother in Cuzco. This brought Almagro from Chile, who, having 

 defeated the Peruvians, attacked Cuzco, took prisoners Pizarro's 

 brothers, and subsequently Alvarado also; but certain compunctions 

 preventiug him from attacking Pizarro immediately after, the viceroy 

 was enabled to collect his forces and attack Almagro, whom he took 

 prisoner, and soon afterwards tried and executed in 1538. Pizarro's 

 partiality in entirely leaving out the followers of Almagro in the 

 subsequent allotment of lands, completely alienated them, and they 

 attached themselves to the young Almagro, who soon became the 

 rallying point for all who were disaffected towards Pizarro. A con- 

 spiracy was formed against him, and on Sunday, June 26, 1541, the 

 conspirators, sixteen in number, headed by Herrada, entered the 

 governor's palace at mid-day, the hour of repose in hot climates, and 

 succeeded in reaching the staircase before an alarm was given. 

 Pizarro, with his half-brother Alcantara, and a knot of faithful friends, 

 defended themselves to the last. They fell, one after another, till 

 Pizarro remained alone. At length, exhausted by the long conflict, 

 and unable to parry the numerous blows aimed at him, he received a 

 thrust in the throat, and expired in the sixty-second year of his age, 

 full of strength and vigour, leaving a reputation unsurpassed for 

 courage, activity, patience under suffering and privation, penetration, 

 judgment, and decision ; but on the other hand sullied by craft, 

 deception, treachery, unacrupulousnesa, avarice, and cruelty. 



PLA'CITUS PAPYRIENSIS, SEXTUS, sometimes called by mis- 

 take SEXTUS PLATOHICUS, or SEXTUS EMPIBICUS, the author of a work 

 entitled ' De Medicament is ex Animalibus.' His age is unknown, but 

 he is supposed to have lived about the 4th century of the Christian 

 era. By some persons he is called Papiensis; but all that is known of 

 him is that he was a physician, as appears from various parts of his 

 work (cap. 27, &c.). It is written in Latin, and consists of thirty-four 

 short chapters, each of which treats of some animal that was con- 

 nidercd to have certain medical properties in different parts of its 

 body. It is of little or no value, as may easily be seen from the 

 following specimens : Against a quartan fever he directs the heart of 

 a hare to be hung round the arm or neck (cap. 2) ; in order to be 

 delivered for ever from pain in the bowels, he recommends a very 

 young puppy to be dressed and eaten (cap. 11); for persons affected 

 with phthisis, or a bad cough, he orders the saliva of a horse to be 

 taken, mixed with wine or water : " This," says he, " I have myself 

 tried, but it is a matter of notoriety (expertUsimum est) that the 

 horse will die" (cap. 14/. The work has been frequently published, 

 both separately and in different collections, and it has been several 

 times translated. It was first published in 1538, 4to, Norimb. ; in 

 the same year, 8vo, Basel. It is inserted in the first volume of the 

 ' Medicae Artis Principes,' published by H. Stephens, Paris, 1567, in 

 the collection edited by And. Rivinus, 8vo, Lips., 1654; in the 13th 

 volume of the old edition of Fabricius, 'liiblioth. Gncca;' and in 

 Ackermann's ' Parabilium Medicamentorum Scriptores Antiqui,' 8vo, 

 Norimb. et Altorf.,' 1788. It should be mentioned that Constantinus 

 Afer, in his work entitled ' De Remediis ex Animalibus,' has borrowed 

 very freely from this treatise, and indeed copied great part of it almost 

 word for word. 



* PLANCHE, JAMES ROBINSON, was born in Old Burlington- 

 street, near Bond-street, London, on February 27, 1796. His father 

 was a descendant of a French family which had sought refuge in 

 England on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. His 

 mother was possessed of considerable literary abilities, and published 

 an elementary work on education ; she carefully attended to his 

 instruction in his earlier years, but he lost this advantage through 

 her death when he was only eight years old. His education however 

 was not neglected, and the bent of his mind early displayed itself. 

 'Amoroso, King of Little Britain,' was a burlesque written for private 

 performance ; but on being shown to Mr. Harley, the comedian, he 

 was struck with its merit had it laid before the committee which had 

 then the management of Drnry-Lane Theatre, who accepted it, and 

 it was performed with great applause in May 1818. This success led 

 Mr. Planchd to adopt the drama as a field for bis further exertions, 

 and he wrote several other pieces for various theatres, which were 

 uniformly well received. Among these pieces was the opera of 

 'Maid Marian ' (founded on Mr. Peacock's clever novel with the same 

 title), to which Mr. Bishop furnished the music ; and that of ' Oberon,' 

 which he wrote expressly for Weber's music. His taste was also called 



BIOO. crv. vol. iv. 



into requisition to prepare adaptations of some of the plays of our 

 elder dramatists ; among them ' The Woman never Vexed,' ' The 

 Merchant's Wedding,' &c. Mr. Planch^ had also paid considerable 

 attention to the subject of antiquities, particularly as connected with 

 costume. He was therefore commissioned by the proprietors of 

 Covent Garden Theatre to attend the coronation of Charles X. to 

 make drawings for the purpose of reproducing the pageant on the 

 English stage, which was accordingly done. He also, at the desire of 

 Mr. Charles Kemble, designed the costume for the plays of ' King 

 John,' ' Henry IV.,' 'As You Like It,' ' Othello,' and ' Cymbeline.' 



In 1826 he travelled through a considerable part of the north of 

 Europe, and on his return published ' Lays and Legends of the Rhine.' 

 In 1827 he visited Germany again, descending the Danube from 

 Regensburg to Vienna, an account of which was published under the 

 title of ' Descent of the Danube ' in one volume, and which has been 

 since reprinted as a guide-book. During this time however he had 

 continued to follow his dramatic pursuits, and in November 1828 he 

 produced at Drury Lane Theatre his clever and popular drama of 

 ' Charles XII.,' being his fifty-fifth dramatic production. In 1830 he 

 was elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries, from which he 

 retired in 1852. In 1834 he wrote ' The History of British Costume,' 

 forming a volume of the series of the 'Library of Entertaining 

 Knowledge;' he wrote also the ' Costume ' for Mr. Charles Knight's 

 'Pictorial Shakspere;' the 'Costume and Furniture ' in the chapters 

 on ' Manners and Customs ' in the ' Pictorial History of England ;' and 

 he contributed articles on dramatic biography to the ' Penny Cyclo- 

 paedia." On the occasion of the coronation of Queen Victoria in ] 838 

 he produced ' Regal Records ' (coronations of queens) ; and in 1852 

 'The Pursuivant of Arms, or Heraldry founded upon Truth.' In 

 March 1854 he was created Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms, and in 

 1855 he published an excellent translation of 'The Fairy Tales' of 

 the Countess d'Aulnoy. All these avocations have not withdrawn 

 him from the drama. Of one description or another, down to 1857, 

 he has placed upon the stage nearly two hundred pieces, some of the 

 more remarkable being the extravaganzas produced for performance 

 under the management of Madame Veatris ; besides a variety of songs, 

 essays, &c., in various periodicals. Few dramatic authors have been 

 so constantly successful as he has been ; and so much industry with 

 so much talent deserve the reward they have received. 



PLANTAQENET. [HENRY I., II.] 



PLANTIN, CHRISTOPHE, was born in 1514 at Mont-Louis, in the 

 French province of Touraine, of poor parents. He went to Paris in 

 his youth, and worked there some time in a bookbiuder's shop ; but 

 afterwards went to Caen in Normandy, where he learned the art of 

 printing. After working in several of the printing-offices of France, 

 and especially at Lyon, he returued to Paris ; but the religious dis- 

 turbances, which commenced about that time, induced him to remove 

 to Flanders, and he is known to have been a master-printer at Antwerp 

 in 1555. The beauty as well as the correctness of the works which 

 issued from his presses extended his reputation rapidly, and he soon 

 acquired a considerable fortune. He employed as correctors of the 

 press several men distinguished for their learning, among whom were 

 Corneille Kilian (who was fifty years in his establishment), Pulman 

 (Poelmann), Giselin, and Raphelengius (Ravlenghien). Plantin's house 

 was resorted to by learned men from all countries. He died July 1, 

 1589, and was buried in the cathedral at Antwerp. Besides his 

 printing establishment at Antwerp, he had one at Paris and another 

 at Leyden. 



The work which has given most celebrity to Plantiu's printing 

 establishment at Antwerp is the edition which he printed of the great 

 Polyglott Bible, which had previously been printed at Alcala, in Spain , 

 under the direction of Cardinal Ximenes. [CISNEROS.] Plautin was 

 engaged to perform the work by Philip II. of Spain, who sent Arius 

 Montanus to superintend it, and he was employed four years (1568 to 

 1572) in this occupation. [Amus MONTANUS.] Guillaume Lebd was 

 sent for from Paris to engrave the punches and superintend the casting 

 of the type. The work, in addition to the contents of the Alcala 

 Polyglott, gave a Chaldaic paraphrase and a Syriac version of the New 

 Testament iu Hebrew and Syriac characters. The proofs of the 

 Antwerp Polyglott were all revised by Raphelengius, and the work 

 was published in eight large folio volumes, 1568 to 1572. Plantin was 

 not so learned as the Aldi of Venice or the Estiennes of Paris, but his 

 Latin prefaces to several of the works which he printed seem sufficiently 

 to establish that he had acquired considerable scholarship. 



PLANU'DES, MAXIMUS, a Byzantine monk, was born, as he 

 himself in one of his works says, at Nicomedia. The time of his birth 

 is unknown, and almost the only circumstance of his life which is 

 beyond doubt is, that in the year 1327 he was sent on an embassy to 

 Venice by the Emperor Andronicus the elder. At this time he must 

 have been of a mature age. That he was still alive in 1340 is evident 

 from a letter still extant, which he wrote to the Emperor Johannes 

 Palaeologus, who ascended the throne in that year. D'Orville places 

 his death in 1353, for which however he adduces no testimony. 

 Gerhard Vossius prolongs his life to the year 1370, and others still 

 later. Towards the close of his life Planudes is said to have been 

 imprisoned on account of his partiality for the doctrines of the Church 

 of Rome ; and when afterwards compelled to write against that Church, 

 to have done so in such a manner, and with such feeble arguments, 



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