u 



POLYBU& 



POLVCLETUS. 



Ml 



called ' Exesrpta de Virtutibus et Vitiis,' which likewise contained a 

 considerable number of extract* from Polybius, together with some 

 other new fragment*, were edited and translated into Latin by Henry 

 Valerius (Valoii), at Paris, in 1634. Nothing new was added but a 

 fragment containing an account of the siege of Ambracia, by J. 

 Gronovius, until, about 1826, when A. Mai discovered, in the Vatican 

 library, a palimpsest of the third section of the Exccrpta of Con- 

 stautiuur, called ' Excerpt* de Sententiis,' which among other 

 extract*, contained a considerable number belonging to Polybius. 

 The manuscript however was in such a mutilated state, that a great 

 part of the extracts as published by Mai are scarcely intelligible. A 

 better edition of these Excerpt* was publuhed at Leyden, in 1829, 

 by J. Geel, but a new and much more careful collation, with the 

 original, was published by Heyse, Berlin, 1846. The best editions of 

 Polybius are those of Schweighaeuser, in 8 vols., Leipzig, 1789-96, 

 reprinted at Oxford in 1823, in 6 vols. ; and that of Bekker, which 

 contains the fragments discovered by Jlai, 2 vols., Berlin, 1844. 

 Among the translations of Polybius we may mention the German, by 

 Seybold, in 4 vols., Lemgo, 1779-83; and the English, by Hampton, 

 in 2 vols. 4to, 1772. There arc also the following English trans- 

 lations : ' The Hystories of the most famous and worthy chrono- 

 grapher Polybius : Englished by Charles Watson,' 1568 ; ' Polybius,' 

 translated into English by Edward Grimestone, 1634; 'Polybius,' 

 translated by Sir Henry Sheares, with a character of Polybius and his 

 writings by Dryden, 3 vols., London, 1698. 



The greater part of the history of Polybius is thus lost After 

 Livy had almost reached the end of the second Punic war, he began 

 to make use of Polybius ; and he very often gave a literal translation 

 of the Greek original : thus he has perhaps preserved more than we 

 are aware of, as he seldom mentions his authorities. Much may also 

 be preserved in Cicero's work ' Ue Republics,' as Cicero, in his historical 

 statements, chiefly followed the authority of Polybius. 



Polybius, as mentioned above, is said by Cicero to have written a 

 separate work on the war against Numantia, but nothing is known of 

 it His memoirs of the life of Pbilopcsmen (x. 24) are also lost. It 

 is however not improbable that in the accounts which Plutarch and 

 Pausanias give of Philopcemen, we may still possess the substance of 

 those memoirs. Other works of Polybius mentioned by some of 

 the ancient', on tactics and subjects of geography, were probably 

 not separate works, but dissertations which formed parts of his 

 History. 



PO'LYBDS, or POLY'BIUS, a pupil and son-in-law of Hippocrates, 

 who lived about the middle of the 5th century B.C., in the island of 

 Cos. He assisted Theualus and Draco, the sons of Hippocrates, in 

 establishing the ancient school of the Dogmatici, which was also some- 

 times called the Hippocratic sect, from its professing to follow the 

 principles that Hippocrates laid down. Galen praites him, and says 

 that be never abandoned the opinions and mode of practice of his 

 father-in-law ('Comment, in Hippocr.,' lib. i. ; 'De Nat. Horn.', p. 11, 

 12, ed. Kuhn) ; but, as Eloy remarks (' Diet Hist, de la Med.'), if the 

 works attributed to him are really his, it must be confessed that he 

 does in some instances differ from Hippocrates, particularly respecting 

 the passage of liquids into the trachea and the lungs. The following 

 treatises, which are generally printed among tho works of Hippocrates, 

 an supposed to have been written by Poly bus: 1, tripi yarrii, 'De 

 Semine ; ' 2, mpl Quotas wcutlov, ' De Naturu Pueri ; ' 3, *epl Sicdrris 

 vyuirfis, ' De Salubri Victus Ratione ; ' 4, npl faiwv, ' De Aflec- 

 tionibus ; ' and 5, vtpl TUO lir&r *a6u>r, ' De Internis A&ectionibus ; ' 

 (Choulant, ' Handbuch der Bucherkunde fur die Aeltere Medioin, Ac.,' 

 Leipzig, 1828, 8 TO.) Many persons also attribute to him the treatise 

 nifl Quaint in0p<inrov, 'De Naturu Hominis,' which is found among the 

 works of Hippocrates ; but according to Galen (loco cit), incorrectly. 

 He is several times mentioned by Galen (' Opera,' ed. Kuhn, torn, vil, 

 p.960; torn, xv., p. 11, 175: torn, xvi., p. 3) : his name occurs also 

 in Celsus ('De Med.,' p. 243, 265, 338, ed Argent.) ; Ctclius Aurelianus 

 ( De Morb. Acut,' lib. iiL, cap. 9) ; Pliny (' Hist. Nat.,' lib. xxxL, 

 cap. ult. in fine) ; and Tbessslus (in ' Orat ad Athen. inter Opera 

 Hippocr.,' torn, til, p. 843, ed. Kuhn). A Latin translation of the 

 work ' De Salubri Victus Ratione ' was published by J. Placotomus 

 (' BreUchneider '), Antwerp, 1561, 12mo, and it is inserted in several 

 editions of the ' Regimen banitatis Salernitanum.' The whole of hi* 

 Opuscula' were published in a Latin translation, Basil, 1644, 4 to, 

 per J. Oporinum ; and there is an Italian translation by Pietro Lauro, 

 VMM*., 1546, 4to. 



PULYCA Kl'US, one of the fathers of the Christian Church, and one 

 of a small number who were distinguished from the rest by the term 

 Apostolic Fathers, as having been contemporaries of some of the 

 Apostles. The period of his death is well ascertained to have been in 

 A.I'. 167, in the nign of Marcus Aurelius; the period of his birth is 

 placed perhaps somewhat too early when it is referred to the reign of 

 Nero. However there seems no reason to doubt that he was con- 

 temporary with Saint John, and known to him, the lengthened period 

 of whose life connect* so fortunately the men of the 2nd century with 

 those who had been in personal attendance on our Saviour. It is this 

 drcunutanoa which gives its chief importance to the lives of these 

 persona, and thence arises the main value of the few and in other 

 respects unimportant writings which remain of the Apostolic Fathers. 

 The lives form links in the chain of Christian tradition ; and the 



writings recognise by frequent quotations the writings which remain 

 of the evangelists and apostles. 



Of the writings of Polyoarp only one small epistle remains. It is 

 addressed to the Philippian church, exhorting them to the practice of 

 their Christian duties and the maintenance of the purity of the faith. 

 But there is another writing of that age of which he i> the subject 

 It is a relation of the manner of his death, written by the church at 

 Smyrna, of which he was the bishop, addressed to the church of 

 Philadelphia, It is a valuable and interesting memorial. There 

 seems to have been a mad and wicked attempt to extirpate Christianity 

 in Asia Minor. The persecution raged with peculiar violence at 

 Smyrna. Many Christians were delivered to the lions. Polycarp, the 

 bishop, was reserved for a more cruel death, being burned at the 

 stake. Both these epistles may be read in an English translation in a 

 volume published by Archbishop Wake containing all the genuine 

 remains of the Apostolic Fathers. 



What further is known of him is, that when the controversy began 

 between the Eastern and Western churches respecting the proper 

 time for the observance of Easter a childish matter of disputation, 

 which however produced much ill feeling for many centuries in the 

 Christian church Polycarp was sent to Home to discuss the question 

 with Anicetus, the bishop, and other Christians there ; and that while 

 at Home he strenuously opposed the heresies of Marcion and Valen- 

 tinus. This fact is stated by Irenacus, bishop of Lyou, who was a 

 pupil of Polycarp. 



PO'LYCLES. There were two sculptors or statuaries of Greece so 

 called. They are noticed by Pliny and Pausanias, but in so undefined 

 a manner that it U not always easy to distinguish which of the two 

 artiste is referred to. The first Polycles lived in the 102nd Olympiad, 

 or about B.c. 370, and was therefore contemporary with some of the 

 greatest sculptors of antiquity, as Cephiasodotus, Praxiteles, Leochores, 

 and Lysippus. 



The second was flourishing in the 155th Olympiad, or about 170 

 years before our era. He was the son of Timarchidea, a statuary of 

 Athens ; but his master's name was Stadieus. (Paus., lib. vi., c. 4.) 

 The works of this Polycles and of his brother Dionyaiua were carried 

 to Rome with other fine monuments of Greek art Pliny (' Hist. Nat,' 

 xxxvi. 5) mentions that a statue of Juno, the joint production of 

 these two sculptors, was placed in the temple of that goddess within 

 the portico of Octaviu; and near it was a statue of Jupiter, also the 

 work of the two sons of Tiraarchides. Polycles has been supposed, 

 from a passage in Pliny, to be the author of the original statue of the 

 Hermaphrodite from which the well known existing representations 

 especially that usually called the Borghese Hermaphrodite, from its 

 having belonged to that collection, though it is now in the Louvre 

 are copies. Puny (xxxiv. 8) says " Polycles hermaphroditem nobileui 

 fecit" This Polycles, the pupil or scholar of Stadieus, according to 

 Pausanias (lib. vi., 4), made a statue of Amyntas, a pancratiast, or 

 conqueror in the games, which was preserved at Olvmpia. Some 

 statues of the Muses wore also executed by Polycles. Polycles left 

 sons who followed their father's profession. 



POLYCLE'TUS, one of the most celebrated statuaries of ancient 

 Greece. 



This name has given rise to much discussion from the difficulty 

 that exists in determining bow many artists were so called, and what 

 works each produced. Pausanias (lib. v., 6), speaking of a statue of a 

 youth, says it was the work of Polyclet us the Argive ; but, he adds, 

 " not he who made the statue of Juno." From this it seems clear that 

 there were at least two Polycleti, and that both were natives of or 

 connected with Argos ; it may also be assumed that they were living 

 nearly at the same time. Pliny (' Hist Nat,' xxxiv. 8) allu<les to a 

 Polyoletus Sicyonius, attributing to ' him' the works which gained for 

 their author the reputation of one of the greatest artists of antiquity. 

 The above, added to tho statement of Pausanias, leads to the conclu- 

 sion either that there wore three sculptors of the name, two Argives 

 and one a Slavonian, or, as is most probably the case, that there were 

 but two, and that the bicyonian, the more celebrated, was also called 

 ' Argivus.' The most important of his works, and more especially his 

 ' Juno,' were at Argos, and it has been reasonably surmised that he 

 may have been so far honoured by that people as to have the citizenship 

 of Argos conferred upon him. 



Piilyoletus the iSieyonian was the scholar of Agelados of Argos; and 

 lived about the 84th Olympiad on epoch illustrated by the talents of 

 Ageladas, Myron, Phidias, Alcnmenes, and the brightest names in the 

 annals of art. There is an extensive list of the various admirable 

 productions of Polycletus. Some of these are unquestionably to be 

 attributed to the so-called Sicyonian ; some may be of the second 

 Polycletus, but, for the reasons before stated, it is not easy to appro- 

 priate them with any certainty. Among the chief works of PolycletiiH 

 may be mentioned the colossal statue of Juno seated on her throne, 

 which decorated the temple of that goddess at Argos, and which was 

 considered in many respects to equal the finest productions of hi* 

 contemporary and rival Phidias. It was chryselephantine; all the 

 naked parts being of ivory, while the drapery and accessories were of 

 gold. The dimensions of this statue were less than those of tho 

 Olmypian Jupiter which Phidias executed for the people of Klis, and 

 of tho Minerva of the Parthenon. This, taking it altogether, was 

 considered the greatest work of Polycletus, but he was hardly lees 



