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POPES, THE. 



POPES, THE. 



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to be the most perfect of his compositions. In ' The Duncaid ' too 

 we may discover Pope's true merit that of having been the first to 

 wage successful war against that crowd of verbal critics and worthless 

 rhymesters which overran literature. The manner in which he holds 

 up to ridicule the poets, booksellers, and critics of the time is admir- 

 able, and the number of lines of ' The Duuciad ' which are in constant 

 use as quotations, are the best proof how stinging the satire must be. 

 Theobald was the first hero of ' The Dunciad,' and owed his exaltation 

 to having attacked with success the mistakes in Pope's edition of 

 S-hakspere. He was succeeded in a subsequent issue by Colley Gibber, 

 who stands as such in the present poem. 



An excellent parallel has been drawn by Dr. Johnson between 

 Dryden and Pope. It is perhaps too favourable to the latter, but 

 shows a clear insight into the merits and faults of both. We cannot 

 speak so favourably of the defence of Pope's ' Iliad.' To imply, as 

 Dr. Johnson does, that the advance of civilisation required the addition 

 of Ovidian graces in a translation, shows an ignorance of the true 

 principles of the art. Indeed it is hard to point out a good work of 

 the kind from the time of Dryden downwards, with the exception 

 of Dryden's Virgil, until we come to Coleridge, Cary, and the other 

 successful translators of our own day, Dr. Johnson's own translations 

 of Juvenal and Pope's of Horace only excepted. It thus appears that the 

 Latin was the only tongue which met with successful translators from 

 Dryden to Coleridge ; Dryden's own style, and the character of the 

 times, having joined to give all verse a Virgilian or Ovidian character. 



It only remains to state that as a prose writer Pope attained con- 

 siderable merit. His style is elegant and cautious, much more correct 

 and much less attractive than Dryden's. Pope's Works, with his last 

 corrections, and notes and a commentary by Warburton, were pub- 

 lished in 1751 and 1700, London, 9 vols. 8vo. There are more modern 

 editions, with memoirs, by Bowles in 1807, and by Roscoe, somewhat 

 later, both in 10 vols. 8vo. The publication of the edition of Mr. Bowles 

 led to a spirited controversy, in which Byron, Campbell, and others 

 took part, on the character of Pope both as a poet and a man. Of 

 this controversy some account is given under BOWLES, REV. W. L. 

 (vol. L, col. 874). Several less important lives and biographical sketches 

 of Pope have betn since published, with reprints of his collected or 

 separate poems the last and worst being that by the Kev. G. Gilfillan, 

 2 vola. Svo, 1856. The reader interested in Pope's works and bio- 

 graphy must not overlook a great body of disconnected but curious 

 and important matter which has been collected during the last three 

 or four years in the pages of the 'Athentcum' and 'Notes and Queries' 

 (under ' Popiana '). A new Life of Pope and an annotated edition of 

 his works by Mr. J. W. Croker and Mr. P. Cunningham, has been 

 announced as in preparation for a considerable time past. 



POl'KS, THE. The more remarkable of the heads of the Roman 

 Catholic Church, whether regarded as spiritual or temporal rulers, are 

 noticed under their respective names, such a? ADRIAN, LEO, and others. 

 We here give a general list of popes, which will be useful for historical 

 reference. 



The chronology of the earlier popes is often obscure, and the dates 

 are uncertain. The following list is chiefly founded on Petau's 

 1 Rationarium Temporum." According to the chronology of the Roman 

 Church, the apo-tlo St. Peter was the first bishop of Rome, and suffered 

 martyrdom A.D. 57. He is said to have entrusted in his lifetime the 

 see of Rome to Linus, a native of Etruria, who died in the year 68. 

 Linus was succeeded by Clemens Romanus, who died about A.D. 100. 

 Some chrouologists place Anacletus or Cletus between Linus and 

 Clemens, whilst others place him after Clemens. [CLEMENT L] Eva- 

 ristus, a native of Palestine, is recorded as bishop of Rome about the 

 year 100, and was succeeded by Alexander I. about 109. Alexander I. 

 was succeeded by Sixtus I., a Roman, in 119. Sixtus was succeeded 

 in 127 by Telesphorus, a Greek, who is said by Irenscus to have 

 suffered martyrdom about the year 138. Hyginus, a native of Athens, 

 succeeded Telesphorus, and wag succeeded in 142 by Pius I., a native 

 of Aquileia. Pius was succeeded in 151 by Anicetus, a native of Syria. 

 Anicetus was succeeded in 161 by Soterus, who was succeeded in 170 

 by Eleuthcrus, in whose time Irenaous visited Rome. Eleutherus was 

 succeeded in 185 by Victor I., a native of Africa. To Victor succeeded 

 Zephyrinus in 197. Zephyrinus was succeeded in 217 by Kallistus or 

 Calixtus I., who governed the see of Home through a period of com- 

 parative tranquillity under the tolerant reign of Alexander Severus. 

 Calixtus was succeeded in 222 by Urban I. Pontianus succeeded 

 Urban in 230, and died in exile. He was succeeded in 235 by Antherus, 

 who a few months after his election suffered martyrdom during the 

 persecution of the Christians by Maximinus. He was succeeded by 

 Fabianus in 230. Fabianus wag succeeded in 252 by Cornelius, whose 

 election was contested by Novatianus, a Roman presbyter, who is the 

 first antipopo recorded in history. Cornelius was succeeded in 253 

 by Lucius I. To Lucius succeeded Stephen I. in the same year. 

 Stephen had a warm controversy with Cyprian, bishop of Carthage : 

 he was succeeded by Sixtus II. in 257. Sixtus was succeeded by 

 Dionysiug in 259. It was under Dionysiug that the heresy of Paul of 

 ata broke out. Dionvsius was succeeded by Felix I. in 270. 

 Kut.ychiantu succeeded Felix in 275, and was succeeded in 283 by Cains, 

 who ii said to have been a relative of the Emperor Diocletianus. 

 Caius was succeeded in 296 by Marcellinus. Marcellinus died in 305, 

 and after a vacancy of three yearn Marcellus wns elected in 308. Kusc- 



bius succeeded Marcellus in 310, who was succeeded in tho same year 

 by Melchiades, in whose time Constantine defeated Maxentius and 

 took possession of Rome. Melchiades was succeeded in 314 by 

 Sylvester I., during whose pontificate Constantine convoked the great 

 council of Nicsea, to which Sylvester eent two priests as his legates. 

 In that council it was decreed that the bishop of Rome should bo 

 primate over the churches of those provinces which in civil matters 

 were subject to the jurisdiction of the ' Vicarius Urbis,' or imperial 

 vicar of Kome. After this period the popes with the dates of their 

 election are as follows : 

 A.D. 



336. Marcus, a native of Rome, succeeded Sylvester I. 



337. Julius L, a native of Rome. 



352. Liberius, a Roman, banished by Constantius. 



Felix, substituted by Constantius, is considered by most as an 



intruder. 

 366. Damasus L, a Spaniard, elected after the death of Liberius. 



Ursieinus, antipope against Damasus. 

 334. Siricius, a Roman, succeeded Damasus. 

 398. Anastasius I., a Roman. 

 401. Innocent L, a native of Albano. 



417. Zosimus, a Greek. 



418. Boniface I., a Roman. 

 422. Celestinus L, a Roman. 

 432. Sixtus III., a Roman. 



440. Leo I. of Rome, called ' tho Groat.' 



461. Hilarius, a native of Sardiuia. 



467. Simplicius, a native of Tibur. 



483. Felix III. of Rome. 



492. Gelasius I. of Rome. 



496. Anastasius II. of Rome. 



498. Symmachus, a native of Sardinia. 



514. Hormisdas, a native of Frusiuo. 



523. Jolm L, a Tuscan. 



526. Felix IV., a native of Beneveutuiri. 



530. Bonifaco II. of Rome. 



532. Jolin II. of Rome. 



535. Agapetus I. of Rome. 



536. Sylverius, a native of Campania. 

 540. Vigilius, a Roman. 



555. Pelagius I., a Roman. 



560. John III. of Rome. 



574. Benedict I. of Rome. 



578. Pelagius II. of Rome. 



590. Gregory I. of Rome, styled 'the Great.' 



604. Sabiuiauus, a native of Tuscany. 



607. Boniface III. of Rome. 



608. Boniface IV., a native of Abruzao. 

 615. Deusdedit or Doodatus I. of Rome. 

 619. Boniface V., a Neapolitan. 



625. Honorius I., a native of Capua. 

 638. Severinus of Rome. 



640. John IV., a native of Dalmatia. 



641. Thcodorus, a Greek. 

 649. Martini, of Tudertum. 

 654. Eugenius I. of Rome. 



657. Vitalianus, a native of Sigma. 

 672. Deusdedit II. of Rome. 

 676. Dornnus I. of Rome. 

 678. Agathon, a Sicilian. 

 682. Leo II., a Sicilian. 



684. Benedict II. of Rome. 



685. John V., a native of Syria. 



686. Conon, a native of Thrace. 



687. Sergius I., a native of Palermo. 

 701. John VI., a native of Greece. 

 705. John VII., a native of Greece. 



708. Sisinius, a native of Syria, died a month after. 



708. Constantino, a Syrian. 



715. Gregory II. of Rome. 



731. Gregory III., a Syrian. 



741. Zacharias, a Greek, crowned Pepin, king cf Franco. 



753. Stephen II., survived his election ouly a few days. 



753. Stephen III. of Rome. 



757. Paul I., a Roman. 



763. Stephen IV., a Sicilian. 



772. Adrian I., a Roman. 



795. Leo III., a Roman, crowned Charlemagne emperor, A.D. 800. 



816. Stephen V., a Roman. 



817. Paschal I., a Roman. 

 824. Eugenius II., a Roman. 



827. Valeutinus, a Roman, died in less than two months after. 

 827. Gregory IV., a Roman. 

 843. Sergius II., a Roman. 

 847. Leo IV., a Roman. 



Between Leo and his successor some chroniclers place JOAN. 

 855. Benedict III., a Roman. 

 858. Nicholas I., a Roman. Schism of Pnonus began. 



