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POTTER, CIPRIANI. 



POTTINGER, RIGHT HON. SIR HENRY. 



Burgeons of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and one of the few by whom 

 anatomical lectures were at that time delivered. In 1736 he com- 

 menced private practice ; in 1745 he was elected assistant surgeon, and 

 in 1749 full surgeon to St. I artholornew's Hospital. In 1756 he 

 received a severe compound fracture of his leg, and during the con- 

 finement which the accident rendered necessary, he commenced 

 writing the surgical works for which he has since been justly cele- 

 brated. His first publication was a ' Treatise on Ruptures ; ' in 1757 

 he wrote on Hernia Congenita, in 1758 ou Fistula Lacrymalis, in 

 1760 on Injuries of the Head, in 1762 on Hydrocele, in 1765 on 

 Fistula in Ano. At subsequent periods he published observations on 

 fractures and dislocations, cataract, polypus of the nose, chimney- 

 sweeper's cancer, mortification of the toes, and on paralysis from 

 disease of the spine. In 1787, his time being fully occupied in private 

 practice, he resigned his hospital-surgeoncy, having served the 

 institution for nearly half a century. In 1788 he died. 



Mr. Pott's writings are essentially practical, and full of common 

 sense ; and the clearness and purity of their style contributed in no 

 slight degree to make them everywhere acceptable. Probably no 

 person of his time had more influence in the improvement of surgery, 

 not indeed by such scientific principles as were established by his early 

 pupil John Hunter, but by the introduction of judicious and simple 

 rules of practice in every subject to which he directed his attention. 

 Many of these rules are still strictly followed both in this country and 

 on the Continent, and some of the diseases which were first described 

 by him still bear his name, as Pott's gangrene, Pott's fracture of 

 the leg, &c. 



His works were published collectively in several forms after his 

 death; the best edition is that edited by his relation and successor 

 Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Earle, in 3 volumes, 8vo, London, 1790, 

 and in subsequent years. 



POTTER, CIPRIANI, an eminent English musician, was born 

 in London in 1792. He is descended from a very musical family. 

 His father was distinguished in that profession; his paternal grand- 

 father invented the additional-keyed flute, and thus laid the founda- 

 tion of all the improvements since made upon that instrument; and 

 his maternal grandfather was Baumgarten, a German performer on 

 the Bassoon, very celebrated in his day. Cipriani Potter studied the 

 pianoforte under his father ; and harmony, counterpoint, and the art of 

 composition under Attwood, Dr. Callcott, and Dr. Crotch : and, on the 

 arrival of Woelfl in this country, he profited by the instructions of 

 that great master. In 1807 he went abroad, and travelled for several 

 years in various parts of the Continent, constantly pursuing the study 

 of bis art. At Vienna he had the advantage of the acquaintance of 

 Beethoven, and the privilege of his criticism and advice in composition, 

 while at the same time he received the regular instructions of the 

 eminent contrapuntist Forater. He afterwards visited Italy, where be 

 remained for a considerable time, employed in making himself 

 acquainted with the Italian school of music. On his return to 

 England he betook himself to the active exercise of his profession, as 

 a composer, a performer on the pianoforte, and a teacher of that 

 instrument ; and, in all these branches of his art he has for many 

 years been one of the most distinguished men of the day. Ou the 

 formation of the Royal Academy of Music in London, he was 

 appointed one of the leading professors ; and, on the death of Dr. 

 Crotch, he became principal of that institution, and now holds that 

 important office. He is a member of the London Philharmonic 

 Society, and has for many years taken an active share in its direction. 

 In his compositions and in bis public performances, he has been a firm 

 adherent of the pure classical school; and, along with Cramer, 

 Moscheles, Bennett, and a few others, he has done much to stem the 

 tide of fashionable frivolity, which happily has now ebbed. His 

 published works are numerous, but we need only specify some of the 

 most remarkable. The following were published in Germany : Three 

 Trios for the piano, violin, and violoncello ; a Septet for the piano 

 and other instruments; Two Sonatas for the piano; 'Pezzidi Bra- 

 vura,' in three books ; Sonata Concertante for piano and born ; 

 another for piano and violin ; Three Toccatas for the piano ; a Duet for 

 two pianos ; and another for two performers on one piano. He pub- 

 lished in London: Two Symphonies arranged as pianoforte Duets ; 

 Overture to 'Antony aud Cleopatra' as a Duet; and two books of 

 Studies for the pianoforte. Mr. Potter is also the author of several 

 literary essays on musical subjects ; among which is a series of articles 

 on the powers of instruments, and orchestral composition, which were 

 published in the ' Musical World.' 



POTTER, JOHN, D.D., an eminent prelate of the English Church, 

 was born in 1674, at Wakefield in Yorkshire, where his father, Mr. 

 Thomas Potter, was a linen-draper. Frum the grammar-school of 

 Wakefield he proceeded at the age of fourteen as servitor to University 

 College, Oxford ; took the degree of B.A. in 1692, and in 1694 became 

 Fellow of Lincoln College. He had by this time made great attain- 

 ments in classical learning, and though so very young, was encouraged 

 by Dr. Charlt-tt, the master of University College, to publish in 1694 

 a collection which he had made of various readings and notes on the 

 treatise of Plutarch ' De audiendis Poetis.' It was soon followed by 

 various readings and notes on an oration of Basil. His greater works 

 appeared soon after ; his edition of Lycophron, and his * Arcluuologia 

 Oryjca,' or 'Antiquities of Greece,' being both published in 1697, when 



scarcely past his twenty-third year. His Lycophron was reprinted in 

 1702, at which time he had gained a Continental reputation, as 

 appears by his dedication of it to Grsovius. His 'Grecian Antiquities' 

 soon became a popular book, and has been often reprinted down to 

 the present time ; but it is now far behind the present state of philo- 

 logical knowledge. It contains abundant proofs of the author's learn- 

 ing, but it also shows that he possessed little critical discrimination. 

 It was published in Latin in the ' Thesaurus ' of Gronovius. In 1698 

 he entered into holy orders, and from that time his studies appear to 

 have been almost exclusively professional, and he passed from one 

 preferment in the Church to another till at last he reached the highest 

 dignity. Archbishop Tenison made him his chaplain, and gave him 

 the living of Great Mongolian! in Kent, and subsequently other pre- 

 ferment in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. He became chaplain 

 to Queen Anne, and Regius Professor of Divinity in the University 

 of Oxford. In the same year he published an excellent edition of 

 the works of Clemens Alexaudrinus, in 2 vols. fol. His other publi- 

 cations were sermons and charges, and a discourse on Church govern- 

 ment. In 1737 he was made archbishop of Canterbury, which high 

 station he supported with much dignity to the time of his death. Hia 

 theological works were published at Oxford, in 3 vols. 8vo, 1753. 



POTTER, PAUL, an admirable painter of animals, the son of 

 Peter Potter, an artist of moderate ability, was born at Enkhuysen, in 

 the year 1625. He received the rudiments of his art from his father; 

 and such was his progress, that at fifteen years of age he is said to 

 have been considered one of the most promising artists of his time. 

 He established himself at the Hague, where he was greatly patronised 

 by Maurice, Prince of Orange, for whom he painted some of his finest 

 pictures. Here he married, in 1650, the daughter of an architect 

 named Balkanende, in whose house he resided, and afterwards 

 removed to Amsterdam. He was naturally of a delicate constitution, 

 which by his unremitting attention to his art he greatly impaired, 

 and died on the 15th of January, 1654, in the twenty-ninth year of 



The chief excellence of Paul Potter consisted in his painting of 

 cows, sheep, goats, and other animals, in which he makes his landscape 

 a subordinate part, but the animals are executed with remarkable 

 correctness of drawing and delicacy. His pictures usually exhibit a 

 brilliant effect of sunshine, in which the skies, trees, and distances 

 evince great freedom of hand, whilst the principal parts are finished 

 with the utmost minuteness. He sometimes painted as large as life, 

 but succeeded best in cabinet-sized works. One of the finest of the 

 latter is in the collection of the Marquis of Westminster, at Grosvenor- 

 lionse. It is a landscape with cattle and figures, and was painted for 

 Van Slinglandt, in whose possession it remained till 1750, when it was 

 bought by a collector and taken to Paris, and was afterwards sold by 

 auction to Mr. Crawford of Rotterdam for 1350J. The size is 1 foot 

 6 inches, by 1 foot 8 inches wide. Though the preference is given to 

 his smaller pictures, there is one of great celebrity, a herdsman and 

 cattle, the size of life, which formerly belonged to the Prince of 

 Orange, and is now in the gallery of the Louvre ; it gained for the 

 painter the title of the Raflaelle of animals. Paul Potter designed 

 every object directly from nature. There are many admirable etchings 

 by him executed in a masterly style : some are marked ' Paulus Potter 

 f.,' and others ' in. et f.,' and a great number of his designs have been 

 spiritedly etched by Mark de Bye. 



POTTER, ROBERT, was born in 1721. He was educated at 

 Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and took his degree of B.A. in 1741. 

 He was successively appointed vicar of Seaming in Norfolk, pre- 

 bendary of Norwich, and vicar of Lowestoft and Kessinglaud, in the 

 diocese of Norwich. He died on the 9th of August 1804, in his 

 eighty-fourth year. 



Potter published a volume of poems in 1774, and translations of 

 ^Eschylus in 1777, of Euripides in 1781-82, and of Sophocles in 1788. 

 Of these translations that of jEschylus is the best, and perhaps gives 

 to an English reader as good an idea of the original as a translation 

 can supply. Potter also published ' An Enquiry into some Passages 

 of Dr. Johnson's Lives of the Poets,' 1783 ; a translation of ' The 

 Oracle concerning Babylon,' and the ' Song of Exultation/ from 

 Isaiah, c. xii., xiv., 1785 ; and 'A Sermon on the Thanksgiving for the 

 Peace,' 1802. 



POTTINGER, RIGHT HON. SIR HENRY, BART., G.C.B., was 

 born in 1789, of an English family which had been long settled in Ire- 

 land. He was the fifth son of the late Edward Curwen Pottiuger, Esq., 

 of Mount Pottinger, county Down, by Anne, daughter of Robert Gordon, 

 Esq., of Florida Manor, in the same county. He went to India as a 

 cadet in 1804. At an early age he attracted the attention of the civil 

 and military authorities of that country by his energy and adminis- 

 trative capacity, as well as his ready store of information beariug on 

 his profession. Rising by gradual steps, he became successively judge 

 and collector at Ahmednugger in the Deccan, political resident at 

 ditch, and president of the regency of Scinde. For his services in 

 these capacities he was raised to a baronetcy, when General Keane was 

 rewarded with a peerage after the Afghanistan campaign in 1839. He 

 had scarcely returned to England when war broke out between 

 England and China on account of differences relating to the opium 

 trade. In this emergency he was sent out to China as ambassador 

 extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, and superintendent of the 



