I 



PTOLF.Mm T S, CLAUDIUS. 



PUBLICOLA, PUBLIUS VALERIUS. 



1004 



he describes RhsHia, TindelleU, Korieum, Pannonia Upper and 

 Lower, and Illyria, or Liburnia. 



Book iii. contains a description of the eastern part of Europe, 

 hmfaMnf Italy, with Sicily, Cyrnus or Cornea, Sardinia, European 

 Sarmatia, Chenooeraa Taurioa, the country of the lazyges Metanasttc, 

 Dada, Msstta Upper and Lower, Thracia, with the Chersonesus, Mace- 

 donia, Kpirua, Aehaia, the Peloponnesus, Eutxoa, and Greta. 



Book iv. oontaina the description of Libya (Africa), naniely, the two 

 Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Proper, Cyrenaio*, Marmarica, Egypt, 

 Libya, ./Ethiopia touth of Egypt, the bland of Meroe, and Interior 

 Ethiopia. 



Book T. relates to Western or Lesser Asia, with the Greater Armenia, 

 Colchis, Iberia, Albania, Arabia (Petnea and Deeerta), Syria and Pales- 

 tine, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the island of Cyprus. 



Book vt treat* of Asia Major, including Assyria, Sutiana, Media, 

 Penis, Parthla, Hyrcania, Carmania, Arabia Felix, Margiana, Pac- 

 triana, Sogdiana, Aria, Paropamisus, Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedroiia, 

 the country of the Sactc, Scythia within and without Mount Imaus, 

 and Serica, the metropolis of which is placed by Ptolemy in 884 T V 

 N. lat., and 1774 K - l n g-. hut which seems to have been some- 

 where near the actual western borders of China, or the eastern part 

 of Tibet 



Book vii. contains India within the Ganges, Taprobana, India with- 

 out the Ganges, with the Chenonesus Aurea, and farther still the 

 country of the Sun, which Ptolemy describes as bounded on the 

 north by Serica and on the east and south by " unknown lands," and 

 on the west partly by India beyond the Ganges, and partly by a great 

 gulf of the sea, which separatee it from the Chenonesus Atfrea, which 

 forms the southern extremity of India beyond the Ganges. This 

 position seems to indicate the countries of Siam and Cambodia, and 

 the great gulf as the Gulf of Siam. Ptolemy then mentions another 

 gulf farther to the east as the Gulf of Sinjc, perhaps from a confused 

 notion of the sea of Coohin-China and Tonkin. Cattigara, a mercan- 

 tile station on the coast of Sins, which he places in 8 J S. lat., has 

 been looked for by some on the coast of Borneo. Gosstlin how- 

 ever thinks that the great gulf is the Gulf of Martaban, that Cattigara 

 is Mergui, and Thinte the capital of the Sina*, Tenasserim, and that the 

 Sinn of Ptolemy is the country of Siam, and that Ptolemy's informa- 

 tion did not extend so far as the eastern coast of the peninsula of 

 Malacca. The length of that peninsula, and its apparent continuation 

 by the coast of Sumatra, gave rise to the notion of a continuous land 

 inclosing the Indian Ocean on the east and south, and joining this 

 eastern coast of Africa. The enormous clze given to Taprobana 

 (Ceylon) by Ptolemy and other ancient geographers probably origi- 

 nated in their mistaking the peninsula of India for an island. 



A good view of Ptolemy's known worlJ, reduced to its real extent 

 and position, is given by Gosselin in a map at the end of the fourth 

 volume of his ' Recherchea sur la Geographic systc'matiquo et positive 

 dee Anciens, pour servir de Bate ft 1'Hutoire de Ik Geographic 

 ancienne,' 4 Tola. 4to, Paris, 1813. The map is inscribed ' Orbis 

 Veteribus noti Tens Limitibus circumecripti Specimen Geogra- 

 phicum.' 



The latter part of book vii. and book viii. are a recapitulation of his 

 system, with a description of the maps, twenty-six in number, which 

 accompanied the work, namely, ten for Europe, four for Africa, and 

 twelve for Asia. [AoATnoDJEMON.] 



Several editions of Ptolemy's 'Geography,' translated into Latin, 

 appeared in the 15th century. Among the bent are those of Rome, 

 1478 and 1490. The Greek text was first printed at Basel in 1535, 

 nnder the care of Erasmus. Servetus published a Latin edition at 

 Lyon in 1541. Petrus Berlins published the work in Greek and Latin, 

 Amsterdam, 1619. A convenient edition of the Greek text is that in 

 the 'Tauclmitz Classics,' 82mo, Lips., 1843. The Abbe" Halma pub- 

 lished at Paris, 1828, the first book of Ptolemy in the Greek text with 

 a French translation, accompanied by a memoir ' On the Measures of 

 the Ancient*.' Sickler published in 1833, at Hesse Cassel. Ptolemy's 

 description of Germany, from an old Greek manuscript in the king's 

 library at Paris, as a specimen of an intended correct edition of the 

 whole work, which he proposed to publish by subscription : ' Claudii 

 Ptolem*i OermanU i Codice MSpto. Grscco antiquissimo nondum 

 collate, qui Lutetiao Parisiorum in Uibliotheca Mannscriptorum Regia 

 sub titulo Cod. Rcq. Foutablandennii, No. 1401, asservantur, accurate 

 deecripU; edidit Dr. F. C. L. Sickler of Hildburgbausen.' There are 

 in the royal library at Paris ten manuscripts of Ptolemy. It is well 

 known that all the old editions of Ptolemy, both Greek and Latin, ore 

 incorrect, and that numerous errors were introduced into the text by 

 ignorant transcribers and translators, especially during the 14th 

 century. It appears also that as new discoveries took place people 

 took upon themselves to interpolate and correct Ptolemy's text with- 

 out much discrimination. (' Commentatio critioo-litteraria de Claudii 

 Ptolemsd Oeographia, ejusqne codieibus, tarn manuscriptis quam typis 

 expressis, conscript*,' a G. M. Raidelio, Norimbergse, 1737.) 



There is hi the Imperial Library at Vienna a fine manuscript copy 

 on parchment of Ptolemy's ' Geography ' in Greek, with 27 maps, 

 which are stated at the end to have been constructed by Agathodxmon 

 of Alexandria. This statement is found also in another manuscript in 

 the library of St. Mark at Venice, as well as in others ; and Raidslius 

 read the same assertion in a fragment of an old manuscript of the 



llth century. The maps which accompany the edition of Rome, 1478, 

 and that of Ulm, 1 482, appear to have been copied from the manuscript 

 maps. (Hoeren, ' De Fontibus,' Jto.) 



PUBLI'COLA, PU'BLIUS VALE'RWa His original name was 

 Publius Valerius, and the surname Publioola was given to him as a 

 distinction for his republican virtues. He was of Subino oripi 

 the son of Volesus. During the tyrannical government of Tarquinius 

 Supernus, he is eaid to have been distinguished for his riches, wi 

 and a {Tahiti ty. The first time that we find him taking an active put in 

 the affairs of Rome was shortly before the expulsion of the Tarquins, 

 when, with Sp. Lucretius, ho went from Rome to CoUatia to avenge the 

 violence done to Lucretis. He strenuously assisted Brutus in ell 

 the banishment of the Tarquins (Pint, ' PnbL, i; Liv., ii. 2; 

 when, after the establishment of the consulate, Tarquinius Collntinus 

 had resigned his office, P. Valerius was appointed consul in his stead. 

 In the ensuing war of the Tarquins, who were aided by the Veientines 

 and Tarquiuians, Valerius commanded the Roman infantry, and gained 

 a great victory near the forest of Arsia (B.C. 509) : Brutus, his col- 

 league, fell in the battle. Valerius, with the spoils of the enemy, 

 returned to Koine in triumph (Liv., ii. 7; 1'liit.. ' PubL,' 9), where on 

 the next day he solemnised the obsequic.i of bis colleague. Valerius 

 now had no colleague appointed in the place of Brutus, and he wished 

 to remain sole consul, that he might not be thwarted in his plan of 

 confining the consular power within proper limits. The election was 

 thus delayed, and when, in addition to this, ho built a stone house on 

 the top of the hill Velia, which looked down upon the Forum, near 

 S. Francesca Romana, he excited among his fellow citizens a suspicion 

 that he aimed at the kingly power. He himself in his innocence was 

 unconscious of the feelings which he was exciting, and as soon as ho 

 was made aware of the rising suspicion, he appeared before the 

 assembly of the people (populus), and, as a sign of respect, lower.-d 

 before them his fasces, from which the rods had been previously taken 

 out He then addressed the people, and, to convince them of his 

 innocence, he stopped the building, and ordered the part which was 

 already finished to be pulled down. The people, thus ashamed of 

 their unfounded suspicions, granted him a piece of ground at the foot 

 of the Velia, where he might build his hon;e, and at the same timo 

 the privilege of having the doors to open out into the street, while the 

 doors of all other Roman houses, like our modern doors, opened into 

 the house. The respect which he had shown to the populus, whom ho 

 had clearly acknowledged as the source of his power, procured him 

 the name of 'Publicola.' He still remained solo consul, and now began 

 to carry out his plan. He first filled up the vacancies in the si-uate 

 which had occurred during the late revolution by adding 164 senators 

 (Niebuhr, ' History of Rome," i. 525, &c.), and then carried several 

 laws to prevent the restoration of the kingly government ; he also 

 secured to the plebeians the right of appeal to a tribunal of their own 

 order from a sentence pronounced by the consul which indicted bodily 

 punishment (Plut, ' Publ.,' 11; Liv., ii. 8; ill 55; x. 9.) II. f< 

 also said to have established a public treasury in the temple of Saturn, 

 for the management of which two qmostors (treasurers) were appoint*, I. 

 (Comp. Niebuhr, ' loc. cit") After he had introduced these beneficial 

 and popular measures, he held the comitia for electing a successor to 

 Brutu*. The curies appointed Sp. Lucretius, who, being at a very 

 advanced age, died a few days after, and in his place was clei ' 

 Horatius Pulvillus, who at the close of the year was re-elected to the 

 consulship along with P. Valerius (u.C. 508). Respecting the difficul- 

 ties connected with the first consulship of Valerius and his revenil 

 colleagues, see Niebuhr, ' Hist, of Rome," i. 635, &c. In the war with 

 the Etruscans [POIISKNA] which broke out in this year, Publicola and 

 his colleague were wounded, and the Romans retreated across the 

 Tiber, within the city. But Publicola subsequently made great havoc 

 among the Etruscans by a stratagem. The celebrated census of Publi- 

 cola (Dionys. ' Hal,' v. 293, cd. Sylburg), at which 130,000 ndult 

 Romans were registered, is said to have taken place in the second 

 consulship of Publicola. During the siege of Rome by I'orsona tl'int. 

 ' Publ.,' 17), or according to Livy, after the battle of Aricia, Publicola 

 was made consul a third time, with P. Lucretius (B.C. 507). It wai in 

 this year, according to the tradition followed by Plutarch, that I'orsona 

 attempted to negociate for the restoration of the Tarquins, to \\hii h 

 Publicola offered the most determined opposition. Among the host- 

 ages given to the Etruscan king was Valeria, the daughter of Publicola, 

 and it was he who sent the maidens back, when, headed by Cloelia, 

 thej had made their escape. 



Towards the end of this year the Sabines invaded the Roman 

 territory, upon which M. Valerius, brother of Publicola, and P. 

 Postumius, were appointed consuls. Marcus, aided by the advice and 

 the presence of his brother, gained two victories, and lu tho last battle 

 he slew 10,000 of the enemy without any loss on the Roman 

 For tbU Marcus received great rewords, and was honoured with the 

 fame privilege as bis brother, of having the doors of his house open 

 into the street (Plut., ' 1'ubl.,' 20.) But when the Sabines after 

 their defeat, united their forces with those of the Latins, and thu 

 danger thus became more threatening, Publicola was made consul a 

 fourth time, together with T. Lucretius. The consuls set out against 

 tho enemy, who were already weakened by the desertion of some of 

 their loaders, and, after ravaging the country, they gained a battle, in 

 which the enemy was so much reduced that he ceased to be formidable, 



