1C33 



QUADRIO, FRANCESCO SAVERIO. 



QUAIN. 



1031 



Aristotle ; but according to others, in the reign of Ptolemaeus Philadel- 

 phus. Respecting the circumstances of his life nothing is known. 

 Polybius, who disbelieved the accounts of his voyages, calls him a 

 poor man, who could not possibly have undertaken such long journeys 

 by land and voyages by sea. (Polyb., ' Reliq.,' lib. xxxiv., 5.) From 

 the same source we learu that he is said to have made two voyages, i 

 In the first he sailed round the western coast of Europe and through 

 the linglish Channel as far as Thule, which is generally supposed to 

 be Iceland. This voyage he described in a work called a ' Description 

 of the Oceau,' where, among other things, he stated that ho landed in 

 Britain and travelled through it, as far as it was accessible, and that its 

 circumference amounted to upwards of 40,000 stadia. Respecting 

 the land of Thule, he said that there was neither land, nor sea, nor air, 

 but something composed of all of them, and in substance like that of 

 the Mollnnca, in which the earth, the Eea, and the whole universe were 

 suspended. This substance, which he had seen himself, was, as he 

 had bten told, a connecting link of the universe, and it was impossible 

 to penetrate into it either by land or by sea. (Strabo, ii. 5, p. 181, ed. 

 Tauchnitz.) This fabulous account of Thule may be easily explained ; 

 and that he advanced at least as far as Iceland seems to be clear from 

 his statement that during the summer solstice in Thule the sun .never 

 disappeared from the horizon. (Pliu., ' Hist. Nat.,' ii. 75.) He places 

 Tlmle six days' Bail from Britain. Some time after his return, he set 

 out on a second voyage, in which he sailed along the whole western 

 coast of Europe, from Cadiz into the Baltic as far as a river which he 

 called Tanais, on the banks of which amber was found. (Plio., ' Hist. 

 Xat ,' xxxvii. 2.) What river the Tanais may have been is uncertain. 

 D'Auville and Gosselin denied the second voyage of Pytheas altogether, 

 though the words of Polybius admit of uo doubt that there was in his 



time a report of such a voyage, probably founded on the assertion of 

 Pytheas himself. It is said to have been described in a work called 

 Periodus or Periplus. 



The motives for his undertaking such long voyages are entirely 

 unknown, but it is generally supposed that the Massilians, a flourishing 

 commercial republic, wishing to extend their mercantile connections 

 sent him out to explore the unknown regions of the north. Pytheas 

 alao distinguished himself as a mathematician and an astronomer, and 

 among other discoveries ascribed to him, he is said to have been the 

 first who determined the meridian altitude of the sun at the summer 

 solstice at Massilia, by means of a gnomon. (Hipparchus ap. Strab., 

 ii 5, p. 182, ed. Tauchnitz.) 



His merits have been differently judged of by the ancients, for 

 while Eratosthenes and others adopted his statements in preference to 

 those of others, Polybius ('Reliq.,' lib. xxxiv., 10), and especially 

 Strabo (in many passages of lib. i. aud ii.), treat him with the utmost 

 contempt, though the latter does not despise his accounts of the manners 

 and productions of the countries which he visited. Modern geographers 

 however have discovered reasons for judging more favourably of Py theaa, 

 and have ascertained that he is right in several points for which he is 

 censured by Strabo. 



The few fragments of his works were collected and edited in 1824, 

 by Andr. Arw. Arwedson, Upsala. Compare Bruckner, 'Historia 

 Reipublica; Massilieusium," Gottingen, 1820', p. 64, &c. ; 'Pytheas da 

 Marseille et la Geographic de sou Temps ; ouvrage public par Jos. 

 Straszewiez, erne" de trois Cartes gdographiques,' Paris, 1836 (this 

 work has been translated into German by S. F. W. Hoffmann, Leipzig, 

 1838). See alao Ukert, 'Bemevkuugen uber Pjthcas, Geographic der 

 Griechen und Homer.' 



Q 



QUA'DRIO, FRANCESCO SAVE'RIO, a learned Jesuit, was born in ! 

 1695. A native of Valtellina, he wrote an historical and descrip- ', 

 tivo work on his own country, which he dedicated to Pope Bene- | 

 diet XIV. ' Dissertation! C'ritico-Storiche intorno alia Rezia di qua 

 dalle Alpi oggi detta Valtellina,' 3 vols. 4to, Milan, 1755. It is the 

 beat accovmt which we have of that secluded region. But the prin- 

 cipal work of Quadrio is his general history of poetry in all ages and 

 countries: 'Storiao Ragione d'ogni Poesia,' 7 vols. 4 to, Bologna and 

 Milan, 1741-52, a laborious work containing a vast deal of information 

 not found collected in any other compilation. The author treats at 

 Irngth of every branch of poetry, ancient and modern. He divides 

 pof try into mtlic or lyric, scenic or dramatic, and epic and didactic, 

 each subdivided into numerous departments. Under the head of 

 scenic poetry, besides the various sorts of tragedy and comedy, he treats 

 of the numerous class of mirni and pantomimi, of the satirical drama, 

 the Atellanic, the rustic pastoral, maritime, piscatoriffi, sylvestres, and 

 other fabulse, aud lastly of the musical drama or opera. He also 

 treats at If iigth of the rhapsody, the parody, the burlesque poetry of 

 various kinds with which Italian literature abounds, of riialect, 

 macaronic, and pedantic poetry : ha quotes an immense number of 

 writers, many of whom are little known ; and he gives extracts from 

 them. Quadrio's work, notwithstanding several mistakes and imper- 

 fections, is a very useful library book, and the composition of it 

 occupied the author a considerable part of his life. Quadrio was of 

 an infirm and susceptible temper, which involved him in sundry 

 broils and disappointments, in consequence of which he sought and 

 obtained leave to quit the order of the Jesuits, and assume the garb of a 

 eculnr priest or abbd. He died at Milan in 1756. 



QUA'GLIO, DOMENI'CO, who has been called the German Cana- 

 letto, was of a family that has produced several generations of artists, 

 and whose place of origin was Luino or Luvino, near the Lake of 

 C'omo. Their ancestor, Julio Quaglio, was a fresco-painter of some 

 note, who followed the school of Tintoretto, in which his father is said 

 to have been educated, and who executed many altar-pieces and other 

 works at Vienna, Salzburg, and Laybach. Lorenzo Quaglio, who was 

 born at Luino, July 25, 1730, accompanied his father, Giovanni Maria, 

 to Vienna, where the latter was engaged as engineer aud architect in 

 the imperial service, and where Lorenzo himself was brought up to 

 the latter profession. He 'erected the theatre at Mannheim, and that 

 at Frankfurt, besides many other buildings, which are esteemed for 

 their superior taste : he died at Munich, May 7, 1804. This Lorenzo 

 left a son, named Giovanni Maria (born 1772), who was a distinguished 

 architectural and scene painter. Domenico, the brother of Lorenzo, 

 wli" was himself an historical painter, had two sons, Julius, an admi- 

 rable scene-painter at Munich (died January 28, 1800), and an elder 

 son, Joseph (born 1747, died at Munich, January 23, 1828), who was 

 even more eminent than his brother, both as a scene-painter and in 

 decoration generally. Joseph had four sons, Angelo, Domenico (the 

 subject of this article), Lorenzo (born December 19, 1793), and Simon 

 (born October 23, 1795). Anetelo, who died April 2, 1815, at the ag 

 of thirty-seven, was also a scene-painter of very superior ability. 



Domenico Quaglio was born at Munich, January 1, 1786, and began 

 at n very early age to manifest a fondness for architectural painting. 



With his father for his instructor, aud with his own instinctive 

 feeling to urge him on, he not only made rapid proficiency, but 

 devoted his leisure to drawing from the life, to landscape painting, 

 and to etching aud engraving. By the advice of his brother Angelo 

 however he determined to devote himself more especially to the archi- 

 tecture of the middle ages. With this view he made an architectural 

 tour to Freieing aud other places, studying their interesting monu- 

 ments of Gothic architecture. On his return he painted a picture of 

 Regensburg cathedral, which was purchased by Maximilian, king of 

 Bavaria, who exhorted the artist to confine himself to the new branch 

 which he had so successfully commenced. Following this advice, 

 which was seconded by that of many other able judges, Qua^'lio 

 resigned, in 1819, his situation as scene-painter at the Munich theatre, 

 and thenceforth applied himself solely to architectural painting, in 

 which branch of art he gradually established a reputation throughout 

 Europe, and at the same time was not a little instrumental in pro- 

 moting by his works that taste for the architecture of the middle 

 ages which has of late years taken root in Gurmany. Independently 

 of their value as portraits of some of the finest productions of German- 

 Gothic architecture, his works are marked by striking picturesque 

 effect. Besides his pictures, which are very numerous, he executed 

 many etchings and lithographic views, and among the latter a series 

 of thirty subjects, entitled ' Denkwiirdige Gebiiude des Deutschen 

 Mittelalters.' In 1829 he accompanied Mr. Gaily Knight in a tour 

 to Italy as his architectural draughtsman. He died at Hohen- 

 sehwangau (where he was employed in restoring and improving the 

 castle), of an apoplectic attack, April 9, 1837. 



* QUAIN, the name of a family, three of whom are distinguished 

 members of the medical profession. They are all from Mallow, in 

 Ireland. 



* JONES QUAIIC, M.D., a distinguished anatomist, was brought up 

 for the medical profession and studied anatomy iu Paris. He com- 

 menced teaching anatomy in London at the Aldersgate-street school of 

 medicine. Ho was afterwards appointed professor of anatomy and 

 physiology in the London University, now University College, London. 

 His success as a teacher was very great and much of the early success 

 of the college, as a medical school, depended on the admirable character 

 of his teaching. He suddenly retired from this prominent aud useful 

 position in the year 1836, and has not since undertaken any public 

 appointment. Whilst demonstrator at the Aldersgate-street school 

 of Medicine he brought out his ' Elements of Anatomy,' a work which 

 was decidedly superior to any that had hitherto been published on the 

 subject of systematic anatomy iu the English language. It has been, 

 since ita publication, the text-book of English anatomists, aud each 

 successive edition has been improved by the labours of distinguished 

 editors. The sixth edition was published in 1850, edited by Professors 

 Sharpey and Ellis, and containing additions by Messrs. Richard Quain 

 (the brother of the author), Potter, and Marshall. Dr. Quain trans- 

 lated into English the " Manual of Pathology " of Dr. Martinet. This 

 translation went through several editions, and was enriched with 

 valuable notes and additions by the translator. In conjunction also 

 with Mr. Erasmus Wilson Dr. Quain published a series of 'Anatomical 

 Plates,' illustrative of the Anatomy of the Human Body. Although 



