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QUAINI, FRANCESCO. 



QUATREMERE DE QI'INCV, ANTuINK. 



the labours of Dr. Quain, as an anatomist, extended over to few years 

 he hM produced a luting impression upon the teaching and cultivation 

 of anatomy in thii country. 



RICHARD QCAHe, younger brother of the preceding, and eminent 

 a* an anntoniut and surgeon. lie was educated under the direction 

 of M brother, and on the appointment of the latter as profeuor of 

 anatomy and physiology at the University College, he was made 

 demonstrator. On the retirement of Dr. Jones Quain from the choir 

 of anatomy and physiology, Dr. Sbarpey was appointed professor of 

 physiology and Mr. liichard Quain professor of anatomy. This 

 appointment he held for many years. During this period h published 

 oue of the most valuable contributions that the science of anatomy 

 has made to surgery during the present century. This work, which 

 was entitled the anatomy of the 'Arteries of tbe Human Body,' 

 gave the result of the measurement and anatomical examination 

 of upwards of a thousand dissected bodies, and contains an accurate 

 account and representation of the relative anatomy of every artery in 

 the human body. Such a labour had been attempted by Scarpa, 

 Haller, and Tiedemann, but in point of minuteness, accuracy, and 

 beauty of illustration Mr. Quain's work is superior to all that had 

 gone before it. The drawings for this work were executed by Mr. 

 Joseph Maclisc. Mr. Quain has published many papers on surgical 

 subjects in the 'Transactions of thoMedico-Cbirurgical Society' and in 

 the medical periodicals. He i s a Fellow of the Royal Society and 

 a Fellow of tbe Royal College of Surgeons of England. On resigning 

 tbe chair of anatomy to Mr. Ellis he was made professor of Clinical 

 Surgery at the University College Hospital, of which institution he is 

 on* of tbe surgeons. 



* RICHARD QUAIN, M.D., cousin of the preceding, was educated 

 at the University College and graduated at the London University 

 with honours. He was for many years house physician at the 

 University College Hospital, and is now oue of tbe physicians to the 

 Consumption Hospital at Brompton. Ho has invented a useful 

 instrument for measuring the movements of tbe chest in respiration, 

 called the Stetbometer, and is the author of a valuable paper on 

 ' Fatty Diseases of the Heart,' published in the ' Transactions ' of the 

 Medioo-Chirurgical Society. 



QUAINI, FRANCESCO, was born in 1611 at Bologna, and under 

 Agostino Mitelli acquired great skill in painting architectural views. 

 The public edifices at Bologna contain several of hU works, the most 

 admired of which are the representations of ornamental architecture 

 in the Sals Farnese in the Palazzo 1'ublico. 



QUAINI, LODOVICO, the son of Francesco, was born at Bologna 

 in 1043. After having acquired the rudiments of the art and a know- 

 ledge of perspective from his father, be became a disciple first of 

 Guercino, and afterwards of his relation Carlo Ciguani, in whose school 

 be was contemporary with Marc Antonio Frauceschini. Ilia improve- 

 ment was so great that iu a few years he was employed, as well as 

 Franceschini, to assist Cignani in the execution of EOUIO of his great 

 work*. Their method of handling and colouring was so similar, that 

 it was difficult to determine what part of any work was executed by 

 either of them. In C'ignani's principal works however it seems that 

 Quaint paint d the landscape, the architecture, and other ornaments, 

 and Franoeschini the figures. After Ciguani's death the two artiats 

 continued to work together. They wt re employed at Bologna, Mo Jena, 

 I'iaceoza, Genoa, and Route, where they painted the cartoons for a 

 cupola in St. Peter's, which has since been executed in mosaic. 



Quaiui also painted many historical subjects from his own compo- 

 Kitious, which were entirely finished by hiuisolf. In the church of St. 

 Joseph at I'.ologuu there is a picture of the ' Visitation; ' in La Catit.-i, 

 the dead Christ supported by the Virgin ; and in the church of .St. 

 Nicholas the principal altar-piece is by Quaini it represents that saint 

 in prison visited by the Virgin and an angel, and is favourably spoken 

 of by Land. He died in 1717, aged seventy-four. 



QUAHENGHI, IL CAV. QIACOMO, was bom at Bergamo, Sep. 

 tctuber 20, 1744. He received a liberal education, and both bis father 

 and grandfather being painters, he was destined for the same profession. 

 When sufficiently advanced he was sent to pursue bis studies at Koine, 

 where he became a pupil of Mengt, and afterwards of Strfauo Pom ; 

 but he subsequently abandoned painting for architecture, for his 

 attainments in which he appears to have been mainly indebted to bis 

 ovfn application and love of the study. According to the biographical 

 memoir by his son Uiulio, prefixed to the folio volume of his designs 

 (entitled ' Fabbriche e Disegni,' &c., Milano, 1821), he soon became 

 known in his profession, and obtained many commissions while ho 

 continued at Home, but none of them are further specified; neither U 

 the precise time stated when be left Italy for St Petersburg, whither 

 he had been expressly invited by the Empress Catharine II. Though 

 Quarenghi obtained a very high reputation in Russia, hit published 

 designs afford little evidence of superior taste or ability, or even of 

 novelty in invention. Judged from them, he appears to have been a 

 great mannerist, and to have bestowed very little study on his details, 

 which are meagre, poor, and monotonous. In comparison with many 

 of his countrymen he may be said to have been pure in his style of 

 composition, but his merit* arc little more than negative : if there is 

 nothing glaringly offensive iu bis productions, neither are they stamped 

 by any particular beauties aud merits. The grandeur of his buildings 

 '-*- chiefly in their size, and in their being kept in bold masses; 



but if not broken up, neither are they finished. They have insulated 

 columns and ample prostyles, porticoes Ionic or Corinthian, but fre- 

 quently attached to buildings which are iu other respects mere bare 

 walla with boles in them for windows. Among his principal works 

 ' are tbe Theatre of the Hermitage ; the manege, or riding-house, of the 

 imperial guards in the Isaac's Place at St. Petersburg; the convent of 

 Demoiselles Nobles; Prince Gagarin's palace; and the triumphal arch 

 in honour of the Emperor Alexander, designed by Quarenghi, but not 

 executed in stone till after bis death. The time of his return to Italy 

 is not stated : be died in .18 IT. 



QUARLES, FRANCIS, was born in 1592 of a good family hi Essex, 

 and educated at Christ College, Cambridge, aud Lincoln's Inn. Before 

 the Irish rebellion in 1641 he was Usher's secretary, but at that time 

 ho was forced to fly to England, where he met with persecution from 

 tho parliamentary party for his attachment to King Charles. Among 

 other tilings they plundered him of his books, which i-t reported to 

 have hastened his death, which occurred on September 8, 1014. 

 Quarles bad eighteen children, of whom one inherited somewhat of 

 his father's poetical genius, shored the royal fortunes, and died of tho 

 plague in 1665. 



The works of Quarles are now neglected, with one exception, that 

 of his ' Emblems,' which have been many times reprinted, and are 

 sought after by some for their quointness, by others for their 

 His other works are fifteen at least in number, many of them on 

 scriptural subjects. 



The quaint conceits of the divines who lived after tho Reformation 

 found in Quarles's writings their poetical vehicle. There is much lino 

 feeling, sincerity, and humility shown in many of his componi 

 but these qualities do not make up poetry unless accompanied by a 

 creative power, which is not very traceable iu Quartos. 



QUATKEMERE DE QU1NCY, ANT01XE CllHYSOSTOMi:, a 

 celebrated French archaeologist, was born at Paris, October 2?, 

 Before the outbreak of the first revolution he had made himself known 

 by his researches on ancient art ; a memoir on Egyptian architecture 

 was crowned by the Academy in 1785, and in 1786 he couin 

 his ' Dictionnaire d' Architecture,' which be did not complete till more 

 than forty years biter (1S28). In 1790 he published 'Considera- 

 tions sur 1'Art du Dessiu en France.' But bis political opinions 

 having led to his election as a member of the Legislative Assembly in 

 1790, be at once took his place among the party known as consti- 

 tutional monarchists. He iu consequence became obnoxious to the 

 revolutionists, and during the Reign of Terror was thrown into 

 prison, where he remained thirteen months. On bis release he appears 

 to have continued to act with those who were opposed to the new 

 order of things. In tho affair of the 13th YeiulOuiiaire (October 5, 

 1795) be took part against, the Convention, and was in consequence 

 tried "par coutuuiace" and condemned to death ; but he managed to 

 secrete himself. When power had fallen into new hands he again 

 emerged, and was in IT'. 1 " elected to the council of the Five Hundred 

 for the department of tbe Seine, But true to bis royalist prh. 

 be bet himself in opposition to the Directory, and in consequence was 

 one of tbe first oil the list of tho Huh Fructidor (5th September 

 1797} of those condemned, without trial, to deportation* to Cayenne ; 

 but be was again fortunate enough to make his escape. After l:,.n.i- 

 parte had secured his position, M. Quatrernore de Quiiicy was permitted 

 to return to Paris, and even we believe obtained some official appoint- 

 ment; but he appears to have thought it most prudent to quietly 

 prosecute bis literary and artistic studies. On the Bourbon restoration 

 his sufferings for monarchy were amply recompensed. Ho was named 

 in 1815 by Louis XV 111., int-ndant-gciicral des Arts et des Mouurneus 

 Publics, ceiiscur royal, and Meuibre du Con8>il d'Instruction. In 

 the following year he became a Member of tbe Institute, and was 

 appointed perpetual secretary of the Acoddmie des li, aux Arts. At 

 oue time he seemed disposed to renew his political lift , 

 himself in 1820 to be elected member for the department of the Seine, 

 but he retired to his literary pursuits at the close of the session of 

 ! itt He survived till near the end of 1849, but he had for some 

 years outlived his faculties. 



From the re-toration, partly on account of bis position as director- 

 general of public monuments and secretary uf tho Academy, aud 

 partly from his great literary activity, M. Quatreiucre do Quim-y 

 occupied a prominent and influential place among the French writers 

 on the history and theory of art. He outlived however his reputation 

 as an archaeologist, for his learning was but shallow as compared u ith 

 later scholars, especially those of Germany ; aud as a writer on the 

 principles of art, he was specious rather than profound. Yet his works 

 contain much valuable matter, and his speculations are mostly inte- 

 resting, however unsatisfactory. The following, in addition to those 

 already named, ore his principal works: ' Lettres Addressees a M. 

 Canova sur les Marbres d'Elgin,' 8vo, Rome, 1818; ' De hi Nature, du 

 But, et desMoyeus do limitation dans les BeauxArU,' bvo, IMi ; tho 

 most original and the most satisfactory of his speculative works; 

 Lives of Kaflarlle (1824), of the Most Celebrated Architects (1830), 

 of Canova (1834), and of Michel Augelo (1835); ' Mouumeus ct 

 Ouvrages d'Art Antiques restitucs d'aprcs les Dc.-cripti'ii, 

 Ecrivains Grecs et Latins,' 2 torn. 4 to, Paris, 1826-29 ; 'Sur la Statue 

 antique de Venus di'couvcrle dans 1'Isle de Milo en 1820;' aud 

 ' lissai sur I'lddal,' 1837. He also wrote several pamphlets, discourses, 



