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QCJINCTILIANUS, MARCUS FABIUS. 



QUINTANA, MANUEL 



1012 



knowledge of mmie and geometry ; and he also recommends him to 

 receive some instruction in pronunciation from the comic actors, and 

 in gesture and attitude from the masters in the Palaestra. 



After passing through this course of education Quinctilian considers 

 the pupil competent to enter the school of the rhetorician, and accord- 

 ingly, in his second hook, he gives the first elements of the art of 

 rhetoric. He thinks that the pupil should not attempt to speak 

 extempore at first, hut should confine himself to written exercises, 

 which should first consist of narrations of real facts, and afterwards 

 of panegyrics of illustrious men and dispraise of the wicked. After 

 recommending some other subjects for written compositions, he points 

 out the advantages attending a careful study of the best historians and 

 orators under a master who would point out their principal beauties 

 and defects. In choosing subjects for declamation, he condemns the 

 practice, which was common in his time, of taking them from the 

 works of the poets, the answers of oracles, &c., and maintains that 

 they should be confined as much as possible to such matters as the 

 orator would afterwards be engaged upon in the courts. At the con- 

 clusion of the book he defines rhetoric to be the art of speaking well, 

 and proves that it ought to be regarded as an art and a virtue (virtus), 

 and that it comprehends all subjects which can be discussed. 



The first two books are only introductory ; in the third Quinctilian 

 commences the principal subject of his work, namely, the art of 

 rhetoric. He saya that it consists of five parts, Imentio, Dispositio, 

 Elocutio, Memoria, Pronuntiatio, or Actio. He divides all causes into 

 three kinds, the Demonstrative or Panegyrical, the Deliberative, and 

 the Judicial. The demonstrative or panegyrical treats of subjects 

 requiring praise (laus) or blame (vituperatio), and is frequently 

 employed by the orator, as in funeral orations, recommending or 

 attacking witnesses, &c. The deliberative consists of persuasion 

 (tuadendi) and dissuasion (dissuadendi), and is confined by Greek 

 writers to speeches made in the assemblies of the people ; but, accord- 

 ing to Quinctilian, may be employed in many other speeches. The 

 judicial consists in accusation (intentio) and defence (deptdsio), and is 

 divided by Quinctilian into the prooamium, narratio, probatio, refu- 

 tatio, and peroratio. All suits, Quinctilian says, are respecting one 

 thing or more than one. The former are called simplices, as in the 

 case of theft, adultery, &c. ; and the latter conjunctce, as in the case of 

 extortion (pecunitc repetundoe), or when a person is accused of more 

 than one crime at the same time. He also says that there is another 

 species of law-suits, called the comparative, as for instance when the 

 matter in dispute in the court of the Centumviri is, which claimant is 

 more worthy of the inheritance ; or when, in the case of a divinatio, 

 it has to be decided who is to be the real or chief accuser ; or when 

 two informers both claim the reward. 



In the fourth and fifth books Quinctilian treats of the prooemium, 

 narratio, probatio, and refutatio, in judicial causes ; and remark?, 

 that the probatio is the most important. He divides proofs iuto 

 inartificial and artificial: under the former he includes previous 

 judgments (pnejudicia), common report (rumores), torture of slaves 

 (tormenta), legal instruments (tabuhe), oaths (jusjurandum), and 

 witnesses (testes) ; by artificial proofs he means those which the 

 orator brings forward from the subject, and to a certain extent invents 

 himself. Prajudicia, says Quinctilian, consist of three kinds : 

 1, exempla, or precedents, that is, similar cases, which have been 

 already, decided ; 2, judicia which have been passed on matters relating 

 to the cause ; and 3, judicia which have been already given on a pre- 

 vious trial of the cause. Witnesses, Quinctilian says, give their testi- 

 mony in writing (per tabulas), or by word of mouth in open court ; 

 and be discusses at considerable length the best modes of examining 

 and cross-examining witnesses. 



In the sixth book Quinctilian treats of the peroratio in judicial 

 causes ; and in the seventh, of the dispositio, the second of the five 

 parts into which he divided the art of rhetoric. He defines dispositio 

 to be a proper distribution of the different materials and parts of a 

 speech iuto their proper places. 



In the eighth book he treats of what he calls elocutio, which, he 

 says, all orators consider to be the most difficult part of their art. He 

 recommends the orator to pay more attention to the argument of his 

 speech than to the mere words which he should use ; and maiutains 

 that those words are the best which best express our meaning, and 

 produce in the minds of the judices the effect that we desire. Ho 

 then proceeds, in the remainder of this book and in the three following, 

 to explain all tie different subjects comprehended in elocutio, as 

 perspicuity, ornament, amplification, metaphors, &c., and gives direc- 

 tions for acquiring the art of extempore speaking. In the latter part 

 of the eleventh book he briefly discusses the fourth and fifth branches 

 of rhetoric, namely, memory and pronunciation. 



In the twelfth book he treats of the qualifications necessary for an 

 orator, and maintains that no one who is not virtuous can be a perfect 

 orator ; and that a knowledge of philosophy, civil law, and history is 

 necessary to the orator. He also gives some general directions 

 renpuctiiig the manner in which causes should be studied and pleaded 

 in court, and points out the kind of eloquence which the advocate 

 should ue. 



The first complete manuscript of the 'Institutes' of Quinctilian 

 WM discovered in the year 1417 by Poggio [BRACCioma], in the 

 monastery of St. Gall, which i about twenty miles from Conetanz. 



BIOO. DIV. VOL. IT. 



Poggio has given an interesting account of the discovery of this 

 manuscript in a letter to Guarinus, which is reprinted in Fabricius's 

 ' Bibliotheca Latini,' edited by Krnesti (voL ii., p. 259). On the revival 

 of learning the ' Institutes ' of Quinctiliau were studied almost more 

 than any other Latin author, and lectures on rhetoric were at that 

 time confined to an interpretation of Quinctilian's work, which accounts 

 for the number of editions which were published in the 15th and 16th 

 centuries. The professor in the University of Leipzig, who is now 

 called ' professor eloquent!*,' formerly had the title of ' Quinctiliani 

 professor.' 



Besides the ' Institutes,' there are certain ' Declamationes ' which 

 are usually published under the name of Quinctilian. Of these there 

 are 19 of considerable length, and 154 much shorter, which are said 

 to have originally consisted of 388. The latter were probably written 

 by a different person from the author of the former, and neither of 

 them by Quinctilian himself. Quiuctilian tells us that he only pub- 

 lished one oration himself. (' Orat Inst.,' vii. 2, p. 21.) Some modern 

 writers suppose that the shorter declamations were published by 

 Quinctilian's father, who is spoken of by his son as an orator (ix. 3, 

 p. 169), or by the Quinctilian mentioned by Seneca ('Controv.,' Praf. 

 in lib. T.) ; but there are no sufficient reasons for either opinion. 



Quinctilian also wrote a work on the causes of the corruption of 

 eloquence (' De Causis Corrupts; Eloquentice : Orat. lust.,' Prcef. in 

 lib. vi., p. 343), which some critics imagine to be the work entitled 

 'De Oratoribus, sive de causis corrupts eloquentite dialogus,' which 

 is usually printed with the editions of Tacitus. The latter work 

 however could not have been written by Quinctilian, as we find him 

 saying, at the end of the eighth book of his ' Institutes,' that he had 

 treated fully the subject of hyperbole in his work ' De Causis Corrupts; 

 Eloquentise,' whereas the subject is not mentioned in the ' Dialogus de 

 Oratoribus.' Respecting the author of this work see TACITUS. 



The best critical edition of Quiuctilian's ' Institutes ' is by Spalding, 

 4 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 179S-1816, to which an additional volume of 

 notes was added by Zumpt, Svo, Leipzig, 1829; and a 'Lexicon 

 Quiutilianeum,' by Bonellus, 8vo, Leipzig, 1834. The editions of the 

 ' Institutes ' by Liinemann, 2 vols. Svo, Hanuov., 1826, and Zumpt, 

 Svo, Leipzig, 1831, may also bo recommended. The beat editions of 

 the 'Institutes ' and ' Declamationes ' together are by Burmann, 2 vols. 

 4to, Leyden, 1720 ; and the Bipont, 4 vols. Svo, 1782. There is also 

 an edition of the ' Institutes ' and 'Declamationes ' by Dassault, 7 vols. 

 Svo., Paris. 



The 'Institutes' have been translated into English by Guthrie, 

 2 vols. Svo, Loud., 1756, and Patsall, 2 vols. Svo, Lond., 1774 ; into 

 French by Mich, de Pures, 4to, Paris, 1663, and Nie. Gedoyn, 4to, 

 Paris, 1718; and into German by Henke, 3 vols. Svo, Helmst., 1775- 

 1777, of which a new edition was published by Billerbeck, 3 vols. Svo, 

 Helms., 1825. 



For further information respecting the life of Quinctilian the reader 

 is referred to Dodwell's ' Anuales Velfeiani, Quinctiliani, Statiaui, s. 

 vitoe C. Velleii Paterculi, M. Fabii Quinctiliani, P. Papinii Statii, pro 

 temporum ordine dispositje,' Svo, Oxon., 1698. 



QU1NCY DE, QUATREMERE. [QCATKEMRE DE QOINCT.] 



QUINTANA, MANUEL JOSE, a very eminent Spanish poet and 

 patriot, remarkable for the depth of hU feeling in both character?, 

 and remarkable also for the strange vicissitudes of his long career, was 

 descended from an Estremaduran family, but was a native of Madrid, 

 where he was born on the llth of April 1772. He studied and took 

 his degrees in canon and civil law at the University of Salamanca, 

 where he became intimate with the poets Cienfuegos and Meleudez 

 [MELENDEZ], who introduced him to the friendship of Jovellanos 

 [JOVELLANOS], at that time the leading representative of liberal ideas 

 in Spain. Quintana was from the first distinguished for his spirit of 

 manliness and independence, and when he commenced his career as 

 an advocate at Madrid, his house, at which a party of literary friends 

 assembled every evening, became the ordinary resort of those who 

 were opposed to the degrading policy of Godoy, the all-powerful 

 favourite of the day ; while the house of Moratin, the dramatic poet 

 [MOKATIN], the other literary focus, was the resort of those who paid 

 homage to the minister. 



From about 1795 Quintana became known aa a poet only second to 

 his friend Melendez, and in almost every case the themes he selected 

 were of a large and lofty character, and treated in a corresponding 

 strain. One of the finest odes in the Spanish language is his, ' Ode to 

 the Sea." He had lived to his twenty-sixth year without ever beholding 

 the ocean, and in 1798 he was seized with so irrepressible a longing to 

 fill up the deficiency that he made a journey from Madrid to Cadiz for 

 that express purpose, wrote this ode, which is worthy of the occasion, 

 and returned. Such an incident would have been noticeable in any 

 country, but it was particularly so in that country and age, for, as 

 Alcala Galiano remarks, in his excellent history of Spanish literature, 

 travelling, except on unavoidable business, then had no part in the 

 habits of Spanish life. Many of Quintana's other odes are scarcely 

 lesi admirable than this, and they constitute by far his best title to 

 poetical fame. It may be remarked that the patriotism, which is the 

 animating principle of almost every one of them, is a very intense, 

 but at the same time a narrow feeling. Two of these odes, which 

 will be found translated into English in Kennedy's 'Modern Poets and 

 Poetry of Spain ' (London, 1852), are on the introduction of vaccination 



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