H 



REDI, FRANCISCO. 



REGIOMONTANUS. 



11 



in 1837 at the British Institution, 'Gulliver on the Farmer's Table,' 

 which was purchased for engraving, and afterwards passed into the 

 gallery of Mr. Sheepshanks, recently presented by that gentleman to 

 the nation. From this time his course, if not brilliant, was one of 

 steady progress. In 1838 he exhibited at the Royal Academy 'Ellen 

 Orford,' the deserted one of Crabbe's tale, in which he struck into the 

 vein of domestic sentiment which for some years he continued to 

 pursue, and with which his name was long associated. Of these 

 pictures he observes, in the letter above referred to, " It is one of my 

 most gratifying feelings that many of my best efforts in art have aimed 

 at calling attention to the trials and struggles of the poor and the 

 oppressed. In the 'Reduced Gentleman's Daughter' (1840), 'The 

 Poor Teacher' (1843), 'The Sempstress' (an illustration of Hood's 

 ' Song of the Shirt,' 1844), 'Fashion's Slaves ' (1847), and other works, 

 I have had iu view the ' helping them to right that suffer wrong ' at 

 the hands of their fellow-men." But this iteration of idea at length 

 seemed to be growing morbid, and every frequenter of the exhibitions 

 felt it to be a relief when Mr. Redgrave turned from righting wrong 

 and suffering to seek new inspiration in the woods and the streams. 

 For some years, from about 1848, landscapes with such titles as 

 ' Spring,' ' Autumn,' ' Skirts of a Wood,' ' Sun and Shadow,' ' Stream 

 at Rest,' 'A Solitary Pool,' 'A Poet's Study,' 'Love and Labour,' 

 ' Woodland Mirror,' ' The Forest Portal,' ' The Lost Path,' ' The Old 

 English Homestead,' ' The Mid-wood Shade,' ' The Sylvan Spring,' 

 'Source of the Stream,' and the like, formed the staple of his contri- 

 butions to the Academy exhibitions, though with occasional examples 

 of his earlier, as well as of that more sentimental stylo spoken of 

 above, and one or two pieces of a still more ambitious character, as 

 ' The Awakened Conscience,' 1849, and the ' Flight into Egypt,' 1851. 

 The landscapes of Mr. Redgrave, though somewhat too minute in detail 

 and lacking ease and freedom, show close observation of nature, and 

 are very pleasing examples of their particular class. His latest works, 

 1856, were ' Little Red Riding-Hood,' and 'Handy Janie.' The Vernon 

 Gallery contains one of his most satisfactory works, ' Country Cousins,' 

 painted for Mr. Vernon in 1848 ; and the Sheepshanks' collection 

 contains six pictures by him, which will very sufficiently illustrate his 

 different styles : ' Gulliver on the Farmer's Table," ' Cinderella,' ' The 

 Governess,' ' Preparing to throw off her Weeds,' ' Ophelia/ and ' Bolton 

 Abbey.' 



Mr. Redgrave was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 

 November 1840, and academician in 1851. For some years he held 

 the appointment of head master in the Government School of Design ; 

 and when that institution merged in the Department of Science and 

 Art, he was made art-superintendent, an office he still holds. For the 

 use of the students of the schools connected with the Department of 

 Art he has published 'An Elementary Manual of Colour,' 1853; and 

 two or three of his official addresses and letters have been printed. 



REDI, FRANCISCO, was born at Arezzo in 1626. He studied at 

 Florence and Pisa, and took his degree of M.D. in the last-named 

 university. He afterwards proceeded to Rome and Naples, where he 

 applied himself to the study of natural history, and made several 

 curious physiological experiments. On his return to Tuscany he 

 practised medicine with great reputation, and wrote several works 

 concerning that science. Redi was also a poet, and wrote a dithyramb, 

 ' Bacco in Toscana,' in which he extols the various produce of the 

 Tuscan vineyards : it is a splendid specimen of that species of compo- 

 sition. His other works are 1, ' Esperieuze intorno alia Generazione 

 degli Insetti,' Florence, 1668; 2, ' Osservazioni intoruo alle Vipere," 

 1664; 3, ' Esperienze intorno a diverse Cose Naturali, particolarmente 

 a quelle che ci sono portate dall'Indie,' 4to, 1671; 4, 'Osservazioni 

 intorno agli Animali viventi che si trovano negli Animali viventi,' 1684 ; 

 6, ' Lettera intorno all'Invenzione degli Occhioli,' 1678; 6, 'Consult! 

 Medici,' 1726-29; 7, 'Lettere Familiari,' 1724-27; 8, Sonnetti ' and 

 other poetry. There are some other of his minor works inserted in 

 the general collection, ' Opere di Francesco Redi,' 3 vols. 4 to, Venice, 

 1712. Redi was a correct and elegant Italian writer, and also one of the 

 most learned men of his age and country. He was a great favourite 

 with the court of Tuscany, and was physician to the grand-duke 

 Ferdinand II. Redi died at Pisa in 1698. 



* REDSCHID PASHA, or MUSTAPHA RESCHID PASHA, was the son 

 of parents in rather affluent circumstances, and was born at Constan- 

 tinople in 1802. When only fourteen years of age his brother-in-law, 

 Ali Pasha, attached him to his person, and employed him in the 

 Morea and Broussa during his government of those two provinces. 

 In 1826, when the insurrection broke out in the Morea, Redscbid 

 served in the campaign under his patron. After the death of Ali 

 Paeha he transferred his services to Selim Pasha, who made him his 

 private secretary in 1829. He now began his preparation for the 

 higher offices of state by a series of foreign missions. In 1831 he was 

 sent as envoy to Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt ; and having taken 

 an active part in negociating the treaty of Kutahia in 1833, he was in 

 the following year raised to the dignity of Pasha. In the course of 

 1834 Le was sent on a mission to the courts of London and Paris. 

 Nearly two years were thus occupied, and the relations he formed with 

 the leading statesmen, diplomatists, and party leaders in England and 

 France, became the basis of tho credit and influence he obtained on 

 his return to his native country. The great measure of Parliamentary 

 Reform had recently been carried in England, and the subject was 



still fresh in men's minds. Redschid Pasha was particularly impressed 

 with this great change, effected as it had been without recourse to 

 violence. When ho was recalled to his own court, the following year, 

 to fill an important office in the administration of Peatier Pasha, his 

 mind was occupied with the subject. Almost immediately after his 

 arrival he found himself exposed to imminent danger by the death of 

 the prime minister, who had been overthrown by an intrigue within 

 the palace, and afterwards put to death by the Sultan's orders. But 

 the behaviour of Redschid Pasha was so circumspect as to baffle the 

 designs of his enemies ; whilst the credit he had obtained from his 

 diplomatic missions was so high that he was created Grand Vizir in 

 1837. He did not however hold this position long, being sent into a 

 sort of honourable exile to Paris. 



When the report of the death of Mahmud II. reached Paris, he 

 hastened to return to Constantinople, but not before he had raised up 

 a bulwark to defend the throne of the new sultan against the ambition 

 of Mehemet Ali, by concluding the Quadruple Alliance. By Abdu-1- 

 Medjid he was made Foreign Minister, and to the practical knowledge 

 and statesmanship which he had acquired' iu his European missions, 

 are attributed the systematic reforms which, under the name of the 

 ' tanzimat ' [ABDU-L-MEDJID], have distinguished the reign of the 

 present sultan. Indeed, it is generally believed that from the accession 

 of the young monarch in 1839 until the present time, being a period 

 of eighteen years, Redschid Pasha has steadily pursued his object of 

 introducing political reforms into Turkey, and that to him is mainly 

 due the many great however imperfect social and religious as well 

 as political improvements which have been effected in that country, 

 and which are more particularly noticed under ABDD-L-MEDJID. But 

 it has been amidst much hostility and discontent that Redschid Pasha 

 has prosecuted his system of reform. During the late war he was 

 called to direct the government, which through that difficult period he 

 accomplished with signal ability. Though afterwards for a time dis- 

 placed, he has again become the actual head of the Turkish govern- 

 ment, and the high respect in which he is held by European statesmen 

 gives him a strong hold on power. In private life he has likewise by 

 example as well as otherwise sought to modify the objectionable habits 

 of his countrymen : he has but one wife ; and he is said to be free 

 from the corrupt practices commonly attributed to the higher officials 

 of Turkey. 



REGIOMONTA'NUS, or, as he styled himself in some of his works, 

 JOANNES GERMANUS DE REGIOJIONTE, is the adopted name of a cele- 

 brated German astronomer whose real name was JOHANN MI'LLEK. 

 He was born June 6, 1436, but his biographers arc not agreed as to 

 the place of his birth. Some say Konigsberg in Prussia (Starovolsci) ; 

 others Konigsberg in Franconia (Montucla) ; Da Murr, in his ' Noticia 

 trium Codicum,' afterwards referred to, eays Unfind, near Kbuigs- 

 berg, in the duchy of Saxe-Hilburghausen ; while Doppelmayer and 

 Niceron, followed by Delambre, say Konigshofen in Franconia. His 

 adopted name favours the supposition of his birthplace having been 

 Konigsberg. 



When twelve years old he was sent by his parents to prosecute his 

 studies at Leipzig, but whether he entered the university of that city 

 does not appear. His progress in arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy 

 is said to have been such, that before completing his sixteenth year he 

 could meet with no one sufficiently learned to instruct him in these 

 sciences, which induced him about 1452-53 to remove to Vienna, 

 where he became the pupil and intimate friend of Purbach, who was 

 at that time professor of astronomy in the University of Vienna. 

 Under Purbach's direction he applied himself zealously to the Greek 

 astronomy, through the medium of such Latin versions of the 

 'Almagest' as existed; and commenced a series of astronomical 

 observations, including several eclipses and a conjunction of Mars, 

 which last led to the detection of an error of two degrees in the 

 Alphonsine Tables. Purbach had undertaken a new Latin translation 

 of the ' Almagest,' but dying suddenly, the completion of the work 

 devolved upon Miiller. [PURBACH, GEORGE.] Upon Purbach's death 

 (1461), Miiller accepted the vacant professorship of astronomy in the 

 University of Vienna, on condition of being perruited to reside for 

 some time in Italy, in order that he might there, in compliance with 

 Bessarion's suggestion, acquire a knowlege of the Greek language. 



In 1461-62 he accompanied the cardinal to Rome, where he began 

 the study of the Greek language, and occupied himself in collecting, 

 collating, and copying Greek manuscripts, and making astronomical 

 observations, chiefly of eclipses, and where also he made the acquaint- 

 ance of George of Trebizond, who had anticipated him in a translation 

 of the 'Almagest' from the original, though the work was very 

 imperfectly executed. In 1463 Miiller proceeded to Ferrara, where 

 for about a year he continued his philological studies under Blanchiui, 

 Theodore Gaza, and Guarino, at the expiration of which time he 

 accepted an invitation from the students of Padua to give in that city 

 a course of instruction explanatory of the astronomical writings of 

 the Arabian philosopher Alfragan. The introductory discourse, entitled 

 ' Oratio in Prselectionem Alfragani Introductoria in Scientias Mathe- 

 maticas,' &c., delivered by him on this occasion, was prefixed by 

 Melanchthon to his edition of Alfragan, published in 1537. From 

 Padua he proceeded in 1464 to Venice to meet Bessarion, with whom 

 he returned to Rome, and shortly afterwards returned to Vienna, where 

 he entered upon the duties of his professorship. While in Italy he 



