213 



RUSSELL, WILLIAM, LL.D. 



RUTILIUS, NUMATIANUS CLAUDIUS. 



214 



conduct. Speaking of those who died for this plot, Fox says (Intro- 

 ductory Chapter to ' History of James II.'), " that' which is most cer- 

 tain in this affair is, that they had committed no overt act indicating 

 the imagining the king's death, even according to the most strained 

 construction of the statute of Edward III., much less was any such 

 act legally proved against them ; and the conspiring to levy war was 

 not treason, except by a recent statute of Charles II., the prosecutions 

 upon which were expressly limited to a certain time, which in these 

 cases had elapsed ; so that it is impossible not to assent to the opinion 

 of those who have ever stigmatised the condemnation and execution 

 of Russell as a most flagrant violation of law and justice." The firm 

 and noble conduct of Lady Russell, who attended her husband during 

 his trial to take notes and give him assistance, deserves the greatest 

 admiration. The bitterness of their parting is described in the most 

 pathetic terms, and a lasting grief is shown in her subsequent corres- 

 pondence. She died at Southampton House, in September 1723, at 

 the advanced age of eighty-six. 



We have not mentioned the charge made against Lord Russell, in 

 common with Algernon Sidney, and many others of less repute, of 

 having received bribes from the French government. That he did 

 receive money appears certain, unless the authority of Barillon can be 

 overthrown, but that it was as a bribe to serve French interests we 

 believe to bo quite untrue. The character of both Russell and Sidney 

 is wholly at variance with such an act. As a politician, Russell 

 appears uniformly disinterested ; he was zealous and energetic, though 

 not conspicuous for ability, the high public estimation in which he was 

 held being founded upon his sense, his judgment, and his integrity. 

 The reader who wishes to inquire further into the subject must refer 

 to the more lengthened biographies and tho authorities there referred 

 to ; he will do well also to look at Macaulay's 'History,' and especially 

 at the more calm and judicial investigation of Hallam in the second 

 volume of his ' Constitutional History.' 



Lord Russell's son was created Duke of Bedford ; one of his 

 daughters was married to the Duke of Devonshire, and another to the 

 Duke of Rutland. An act for annulling his attainder, which passed 

 in the first year of William and Mary, recites that "he was by undue 

 and illegal return of jurors, having been refused his lawful challenge 

 to the said jurors for want of freehold, and, by partial and unjust 

 constructions of law, wrongfully convicted, attainted, and executed for 

 high treason." . After the executions which followed the Rye House 

 Plot, the country party had little influence during the remainder of 

 Charles's reign. 



RUSSELL, WILLIAM, LL.D., the sou of poor parents, was born 

 in the county of Selkirk in 1741, and educated, very imperfectly, in 

 the country and in Edinburgh. He served a regular apprenticeship 

 as a printer, and, while working as a journeyman in Edinburgh, edited 

 a collection of modern poetry, and executed a translation of a tragedy 

 of Crdbillon, which was submitted to Garrick, but rejected. In 1767 

 he went to London to seek his fortune, but for some time found 

 nothing better than a place as corrector of the press for Strachan the 

 printer. While so employed he contributed to periodicals, and pub- 

 lished unsuccessfully several poetical and other volumes, among which 

 was a ' History of America.' In 1779 appeared the first two volumes 

 of the popular compilation by which he is now known, 'The History 

 of Modern Europe.' The third, fourth, and fifth volumes, bringing 

 down the narrative to 1763, were published in 1784. In 1787 he 

 married, and took up his residence on a farm in Dumfriesshire, where 

 he spent the remainder of his life. In 1793 he published the first 

 two volumes of a 'History of Ancient Europe;' and he had also 

 begun, in terms of an engagement with Mr. Cadell, to compose a ' His- 

 tory of England from the Accession of George III.' These unfinished 

 works however, as well as several tragedies and comedies, were stopped 

 by his death, which took place on the 25th of December 1793. 



* RUSSELL, WILLIAM HOWARD, who has earned celebrity 

 by his picturesque and vivid descriptions of the operations of the 

 armies in the Crimea, was born in Dublin in 1821, and was educated 

 at Trinity College, Dublin. While here, in 1841, an uncle, who was 

 engaged as a reporter on the Times ' newspaper, proposed to him to 

 write an account of the Longford election : this he executed most 

 successfully. In the following year he came to London, in hopes of 

 being engaged as a reporter; but failing at tho time, he entersd 

 himself at Cambridge University, and supported himself by writing 

 for various periodical works, among others for the ' Sporting Magazine.' 

 After a short residence in Cambridge, he obtained tho appointment 

 of mathematical master in Kensington grammar-school. In 1845 

 however, when the monster-meetings for the repeal of the Union were 

 taking place in Ireland, he was applied to by the managers of the 

 'Times ' to attend and to write the descriptive portions of them, the 

 speeches being reported by others ; and he did this with a vividness, 

 an energy, an accuracy, and a fearless honesty, that won him great 

 applause. When the trial of O'Connell took place in Dublin, Mr. Russell 

 waa sent as reporter ; and brought over the verdict, given at twelve 

 o'clock on Saturday night, so as to publish it in the ' Times ' on Monday 

 morning. When the 'Daily News' was started in 1845, he was led 

 to expect an engagement upon it offering him superior pecuniary 

 advantages, and he resigned his connection with the ' Times ; ' but as 

 this expectation was disappointed he entered himself at the Temple, 

 and. almost immediately made an arrangement with, the Morning 



Chronicle ' as reporter, and in this capacity visited Ireland to investi- 

 gate the consequences of the distress occasioned by the potato blight 

 in 1846. In 1847 he returned to the ' Times,' for which he reported 

 the trials of Smith O'Brien and his associates at Clonmel, tha 

 Kossuth demonstrations, the Queen's visits to Belgium and Ireland, 

 ships launches, and many other things for which his picturesque 

 and ready pen was adapted. On the sailing of the expedition 

 to the Crimea, he was deputed by the 'Times' to accompany it in 

 order to report its proceedings, and he proceeded thither with the 

 first detachment. He soon distinguished himself by his intrepidity 

 in taking up tho most dangerous positions so as to enable hirn to see 

 and describe the military events ; he was present at the battle of the 

 Alma ; had more than one escape from shot, and more than a full share 

 of the discomforts experienced by tho troops, under which he more 

 than once succumbed, aud waa dangerously ilL The most striking 

 characteristics of his reports however were the quick-sightedness with 

 which he discerned all the defects of arrangement, and the dauntless 

 honesty with which he exposed them. His letters excited so much 

 attention that, contrary to the almost uniform custom of the ' Times,' 

 the name of the reporter became known, and was recognised in the 

 paper. He returned to England, after visiting Moscow and describing 

 tho coronation of the czar. His letters, with some modification, have 

 been published under the titles of ' Tho War, from the Landing at 

 Gallipoli to the Death of Lord Raglan,' 1855 ; and ' The War, from 

 the Death of Lord Raglan to the Peace at Paris, 1856,' in 2 post 8vo 

 volumes ; and he has since published ' The Expedition to the Crimea, 

 with Maps and Plans,' issued in monthly parts. In 1856 he was 

 created LL.D. of Trinity College, Dublin. 



RUTHERFORD, DANIEL, was born at Edinburgh in November 

 1749, and was educated at the university of his native city. In 1772 

 he took his degree of M.D., and it was in the thesis which he printed 

 upon this occasion, entitled ' De Aere Mephitico,' that he announced 

 the discovery for which he is chiefly remembered, of the gas which has 

 since been called azote or nitrogen ; for Rutherford merely indicated 

 its existence as a peculiar air, and neither gave it any name nor 

 explained its properties. The same discovery was also made about 

 the same time by Dr. Priestley, and was announced by him in his 

 paper ' On the Different Kinds of Air,' which obtained the Copley 

 medal, and was published in the ' Philosophical Transactions' for 1772. 

 Dr. Rutherford was admitted a Fellow of the Edinburgh College of 

 Physicians in 1777, and in 1786 he was appointed professor of botany 

 in the university. He died on the 15th of November 1819. 



RUTHERFORTH, THOMAS, D.D., was born in the parish of 

 Papworth-Everard, Cambridgeshire, in the year 1712. Having taken 

 his degree and obtained a fellowship in St. John's College, Cambridge, 

 ho was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity in the university, and 

 created D.D. He was afterwards elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 

 and obtained the preferments of the rectory of Barley in Hertford- 

 shire, Shenfield in Essex, and the archdeaconry of Essex. He died in 

 October 1771. 



Besides single sermons and charges to the clergy, Dr. Ruth erf orth 

 is the author of the folio wing works: 'Ordo InstitutionumPhysicarum, 

 in privatis suis Lectionibus,' sm. 4to, Camb., 1743; 'Essay on the 

 Nature aud Obligations of Virtue,' 8vo, Lond., 1744; 'A System of 

 Natural Philosophy, being a Course of Lectures on Mechanics, Optics, 

 Hydrostatics, and Astronomy,' 2 vols. 4to, Camb., 1748; 'A Letter to 

 Dr. Middleton, in Defence of Bishop Sherlock on Prophecy,' 8vo, 1750; 

 'A Discourse on Miracles,' 8vo, 1751; 'Institutes of Natural Law, 

 being the substance of a Course of Lectures on Grotius De Jure Belli 

 et Pacis, read in St. John's College, Cambridge,' 2 vols. 8vo, Lond., 

 1754-56. A list of hia sermons, tracts, and charges is given in Watt's 

 ' Bibliotheca Britanniea.' 



RUTI'LIUS LUPUS, a Roman rhetorician, who was a contemporary 

 of Quinctilian (Quinct., 'Inst. Orat.,' iii., 1, p. 150, Bipont), but of 

 whose life we have no particulars. We possess a small treatise of his 

 on rhetoric, entitled ' De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis/ which 

 we learn from Quinctilian (ix. 2, p. 152) was taken from a work of a 

 contemporary of the name of Gorgias, in four books. The treatise of 

 Rutilius does not appear to have come down to us in the same state 

 in which he wrote it. It is now divided into two books, whereas 

 Quiuctilian says that ibwas only in one. It is several times quoted by 

 Quinctilian, and is still valuable for the quotations which it contains 

 from writers now lost. 



The work of Rutilius was originally published by Roscius Ferra- 

 riensis, 8vo, Venet., 1519; and afterwards by Ruhnken, 8vo, Lug. Bat., 

 1768, the latter of which was republished by Frotscher, 8vo, Lips., 

 1831. There is also an edition by F. Jacob, 8vo, Lub., 1837. 



RUTI'LIUS, NUMATIA'NUS, CLAUDIUS, a Roman poet at the 

 beginning of the 5th century of the Christian era, was a native of 

 Gaul, and held at Rome the high offices of magister officiorum or 

 palatii, and prsefectus urbi. Having occasion to return to his native 

 country, he gave an account of his voyage, in a poem entitled ' Itine- 

 rariurn,' written in elegiac verse, and consisting of two books, of which 

 the greater part of the latter is lost. Rutilius made the voyage in a 

 small vessel, which put into shore during the night and sailed again 

 in the morning. He describes with much beauty, and in the genuine 

 spirit of poetry, the towns, ruins, and various objects of nature and 

 art which he saw, and deeply laments the ravages which had been 



