219 



SALADIN. 



SALAH-ED-DEEN. 



in 



Scarcely had the Saint-Sitnonian establishment been formed, when the 

 revolution of July 1830 occurred. The Associates, like other sects, 

 did not miss the opportunity of making a demonstration ; and for 

 somo days all Paris was puzzled with a placard signed "Bazard- 

 Enfantin," which was posted on the walls. When the government of 

 Louis-Philippe was established, some inquiries were made as to the 

 proceedings of the Saint-Simonians, and they were denounced in the 

 Chamber of Deputies as holding and propagating dangerous doctrines, 

 more especially the doctrines of communism and of community of 

 women. In reply they stated that, while they desired some changes 

 in the laws of property, their system was based on principles directly 

 contradictory of community ; also, that they did not attack the insti- 

 tution of marriage, but desired to see women possessed of full social 

 and civil rights. On the whole, the sect made great progress during 

 the first months of Louis-Philippe's reign. Among their most cele- 

 brated converts was M. Pierre Leroux, then at the height of his repu- 

 tation as a philosopher and editor of ' The Globe ' newspaper. By his 

 accession this important journal became the professed organ of Saint- 

 Sirnonian opinions (January 1831). The result was an immense 

 increase. of the sect in Paris and all over France ; the recruits being 

 chiefly from the young of the highly-educated classes and among 

 literary men and artists. Branch establishments were set up in Lyons, 

 Montpellier, and other towns in connection with the parent church of 

 Paris ; and Saiut-Simonianism, both pure and applied, was preached in 

 every possible manner. 



A schism soon occurred in the Saint-Simonian church itself the 

 cause of the schism being differences among the leading men on 

 several points of doctrine, but most of all, on the subject of the future 

 of women Enfantin held extreme views on this subject, urging that 

 Saint-Siuionianism ought to decree the complete social equality of the 

 sexes, and that, meanwhile, man should impose no laws upon women. 

 " The only position of the true Saiut-Simonian," he said, "in regard to 

 woman, is to declare himself incompetent to judge her. The woman 

 must herself reveal to us all that she thinks, all that she desires as to 

 the future." Bazard .and others, including Leroux, differed from 

 Enfantiu on these points so decisively that they at last (November 19, 

 1831), formally seceded, leaving Enfantin, with llodrigues as his sub- 

 ordinate, to carry on the society after his own fashion. The doctrine 

 of " the coming woman," for a time caused great excitement in Paris ; 

 and Pere Enfantin and his lectures and evening-parties, were the 

 topics of the day. A prosecution instituted by government, want of 

 money, and farther differences between Eufantin and llodrigues, led 

 at length to the dissolution of the Society of the Rue Monsigny ; and 

 the publication of the ' Globe ' ceased at the same time. 



The final vagary of Saint-Simonianism was the most curious of all. 

 Enfantin, with about forty faithful adherents (among whom were 

 Michel Chevalier and Charles Duveyrier) removed to a house, with 

 large grounds attached, at Meniluiontant, near Paris, and constituted 

 themselves into a kind of Saint-Simonian monastery, of which Enfantin 

 was abbot. They all dressed alike in a peculiar costume of which a 

 red cap formed a part ; and they divided their time between manual 

 labours and intellectual exercises, which were to a great extent of a 

 mystical religious character. A prosecution was instituted against this 

 establishment; and on the 27th of August 1832, the whole body 

 appeared in court. Judgment was given against them, and Enfantin 

 was sentenced to a term of imprisonment. From that time Saint- 

 Simoniauism as a society, or even as a creed, was extinct ; but it is 

 interesting to remark how largely the Saint-Simonian notions have 

 tinged modern French thought, and how many of the men who have 

 been eminent in France, in all departments, during the last twenty 

 years, belonged at one time to the Saint-Simouian school. In the 

 subsequent career of most of those there is no trace of that flightiness 

 v/hich the fact of their having been Saint-Simonians might be supposed 

 to argue. The quondam Saint-Simonian chiefs, we believe, have also 

 proved themselves able men of business, and have been largely con- 

 nected with railways and other such undertakings, conducting them- 

 selves on ordinary principles, whatever may be their speculative 

 recreations. For more minute information respecting Saint-Simon and 

 Saint-Simonianism, the works mentioned in this notice must themselves 

 be consulted ; there are, however, various popular sketches of the 

 subject, of which that by M. Louis Reybaud in his ' Etudes sur les 

 Reformateurs Contemporains,' is one of the best. 



SALADIN. [SALAH-ED-DEEN.] 



SALAH-ED-DEEN (MALEK-AL-NASSER SALAH-ED-DEEN Asu-MoD- 

 HAFFEH YUSEF), better known to European readers by the famous 

 name of SALADIN, was born A. D. 1137 (A. H. 532), in the Castle of 

 Tecrit on the Tigris, of which his father Ayub, a Koord of the tribe 

 of Ravendooz, was governor for the Seljookiau sovereign of Persia. 

 Ajub and his brother Shirakoh subsequently transferred themselves 

 to the service of Zenghi, ' atabek ' of Syria, by whose son, the famous 

 sultan Noor-ed-deen [NOUUEDDIN], they were raised to high military 

 honours; and when Shirakoh (in 1163) was appointed general of the 

 troops designed to reinstate the vizir Shawer in Egypt, a subordinate 

 command was entrusted to his nephew, whose disinclination to the 

 service was overruled by the express mandate of Noor-ed-deen. In 

 1166 he again accompanied Shirakoh into Egypt, where his defence 

 of Alexandria for three months against the superior forces of the 

 Franks of Palestine established his military reputation, and gained for 



him, according to the Christian writers, the honour of knighthood from 

 the king of Jerusalem, Amawry ; but the Syrian forces were again 

 compelled to evacuate the country, and it waa not till the third expe- 

 dition (1168) that the subjugation of Egypt was completed. Shirakoh 

 now became, with the nominal rank of vizir to the Fatimide caliph, 

 viceroy of the kingdom for Noor-ed-deen ; but dying the same year, 

 bequeathed his authority to his nephew, who continued to govern 

 Egypt, assisted by the advice and experience of his father Ayub, who 

 had been invited from Damascus to share the prosperity of hia son. 

 The last of the Fatimides, Aded Ledini'llah, still bore the title of 

 kalif of Egypt : but even this shadow of schismatic sovereignty was 

 hateful to the bigotry of Noor-ed-deen ; and in obedience to his orders, 

 his lieutenant deposed the Fatimide dynasty by a simple ordinance 

 that the ' khotbah ' or public prayer should be read in the name of the 

 Abbasside caliph Mostadhi ; and Aded opportunely dying eleven days 

 after, this important revolution was effected (A. D. 1171, A. H. 567) 

 " without so much " (in the words of Abulfeda) * as two goats butting 

 at each other." 



The extinction of the Fatimides left Salah-ed-deen virtually sove- 

 reign of Egypt ; and though in compliance with the prudent counsels 

 of his father he continued to render every external mark of allegiance 

 to Noor-ed-deen, he pertinaciously evaded all the requisitions for 

 military assistance addressed to him by his liege lord, who was pre- 

 paring to enforce obedience by arms, when Salah-ed-deen was spared 

 the odium of this ungrateful contest by the death of Noor-ed-deen, 

 A.D. 1173, A.H. 569. Malek-al-Saleh Ismail, Noor-ed-deen' s heir, a boy 

 eleven years old, w*s inadequate to the weight of empire: disputes 

 speedily arose among his emirs, and Salah-ed-deen availed himself of 

 the confusion to seize Damascus, which he occupied Vinopposed (1174). 

 Emesa, Hamah, and other towns dependent on Damascus shared its 

 fate ; and when Malek-al-Saleh attempted to regain them by the aid of 

 his cousin Seif-ed-deeu Ghazi, atabek of Mosul, the combined forces 

 were routed in two great battles, and Malek-al-Saleh, besieged in 

 Aleppo, was forced to purchase peace by the cession of all southern 

 Syria. 



Salah-ed-deen now assumed the title of Sultan and all the pre- 

 rogatives of established royalty, and extended his dominions by the 

 conquest of most of the petty sovereignties on the frontiers of Syria 

 and Mesopotamia. The Ismailis, or Assassins of Lebanon, whose 

 emissaries had attempted his life at the siege of Aleppo, were also 

 chastised and reduced to submission; but in his first encounter 

 with the Franks of Palestine he sustained a disastrous defeat near 

 Ramla from Reginald de Chatillon, Nov. 1177, A.H. 573. The four 

 next years were spent principally in Egypt, the affairs of Syria being 

 conducted by his lieutenants; but in 1182 he quitted Cairo for the 

 last time, and resuming his encroachments on the territories of the 

 atabeks, captured in succession Edessa, Amida, Nisibin, &c. ; and 

 though repulsed before Moussoul, succeeded (1183) in possessing him- 

 self of the long-coveted city of Aleppo, by a convention with Amad- 

 ed-deen Zenghi II., who had succeeded Malek-al-Saleh. From Yemen 

 to Mount Taurus in Cilicia, and from Tripoli in Africa to the Tigris, 

 the continuity of the rule of Salah-ed-deen was now interrupted only 

 by the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem ; and the violation by Reginald 

 de Chatillon of a four years' truce, concluded in 1185, soon afforded 

 a pretext for hostilities. In the famous battle of Hittin, or Tiberias 

 (July 1187, A.H. 583), the Christians, betrayed by the Count of Tripoli, 

 were utterly overthrown ; the king, Gui de Lusignan, was taken 

 prisoner, and received by the victor with royal generosity ; while his 

 partner in captivity, Reginald de Chatillon, was decapitated, as a 

 punishment for his perfidy, by the hand of Salah-ed-deen himself. All 

 the towns of the Frank kingdom, Acre, Beirout, Ascalon, now rapidly 

 fell before the arms of the sultan; and his triumph was crowned by 

 the capture of Jerusalem, which surrendered after a siege of fourteen 

 days (October 2, 1187), after having been eighty-eight years subject to 

 the Franks. The two next years were principally employed in reduc- 

 ing the fragments of the Latin dominion ; but Tyre was successfully 

 defended by Conrad of Montferrat, and the appearance of the third 

 Crusade (1189) enabled the Christians again to take the field. The 

 two years' siege of Acre (1189-91) is memorable in the history of the 

 Crusades. The kings of France and England, Philip-Augustus and 

 Richard Coeur-de-Lion, animated by their personal exertions the efforts 

 of the besiegers, while the Moslems, directed by the sultan, strove 

 with equal zeal for the relief of the invested fortress : " never " (in the 

 words of Gibbon) " did the flame of enthusiasm burn with fiercer and 

 more destructive rage ; " but Acre was at length forced to capitulate, 

 and the Crusaders advancing along the coast, took Csesarea and Jaffa, 

 while Ascalon, after an incessant battle of eleven days during the march, 

 was only saved by being dismantled and rendered untenable. 



In the spring of 1192 hostilities were resumed ; and the Franks, led 

 by the king of England, penetrated to within a short distance of 

 Jerusalem, where Salah-ed-deen awaited their attack ; but the dissen- 

 sions of the Crusaders occasioned their retreat; and both sides, 

 wearied by the never-ending struggle, were not unwilling to listen to 

 terms of accommodation. The first extraordinary proposal of Richard, 

 that Malek-al-Adel Seif-ed-deen, brother of Salah-ed-deen, should, after 

 embracing Christianity, marry his sister and become king of Jerusalem, 

 though seriously entertained for a time, was ultimately abandoned ; 

 and the three years' truce which waa concluded, September 1192 



