259 



SALLUSTIUS. 



SALOMON, JOHANN-PETER. 



260 



111. Gramm.,' 10), but it is no small proof of the excellence of Sallust's 

 style that Tacitus closely imitated it. 



Besides the works already mentioned, two epistles have come down 

 to us under the name of Sallust, addressed to Julius Caesar, on the 

 management of the state ('De Republica Ordinanda'); but these are 

 evidently not the work of Sallust, and are supposed by Niebuhr to 

 have been written, at the latest, in the second century of the Christian 

 era. (' Romische Geschichte,' vol. iii., p. 401.) There is also extant a 

 declamation against Cicero, falsely ascribed to Sallust. 



The first edition of Sallust was published at Venice, in 1470. The 

 edition of Cortius, which was published at Leipzig, 4to, in 1724, with 

 a valuable commentary, has formed the basis of most of the subsequent 

 editions. The best modern editions are those of Kritz, 2 vols. Svo, 

 Leipzig, 1828-1834, which does not however contain the fragments, 

 and of Gerlach, Basel, 3 vols. 4to, 1823-1831. An accurate edition of 

 the text, with the principal various readings, but without explanatory 

 notes, was published by Orellius, Zurich, 12mo, 1840. The principal 

 translations of Sallust into the European languages are, in English, by 

 Gordon, Lond., 4to, 1769; by Rose, Svo, 1757; and by Sir Henry 

 Stewart, 2 vols. 4to ; in French, by De Brosses ; in Spanish, by Gabriel 

 de Bourbon, the son of the king of Spain, Madrid, 4to, 1772; in 

 Italian, by Alfieri; and in German, by Gerlach, Prenzlau, 1827- 



SALLUSTIUS, a Platonic philosopher, who lived in the fourth cen- 

 tury of the Christian era. He wrote a work in Greek, ' On the Gods 

 and the World," which was originally published by Leo Allatius, 12mo, 

 Rome, 1638. The best edition of this work is by Orelli, Svo, Zurich, 

 1821. It has been translated into French by Formey, 8vo, Berlin, 

 1748, and into German, by Schulthess, Svo, Zurich, 1779. 



SALMA'SIUS, CLAU'DIUS, the Latinised form of his real name 

 CLAUDE DE SAUMAISE, was born near Se"mur in Auxois, in the 

 year 1588 or 1596, more probably the latter. His father, who was a 

 member of the parliament of Burgundy, was a person of considerable 

 learning; he translated the work of Dionysius of Alexandria into 

 French veree, 12mo, Paris, 1597. Young Salmasius was educated at 

 home by his father, and is said to have made such astonishing progress 

 in his studies as to be able to read Pindar at ten years of age, and to 

 write Greek and Latin verses with fluency and correctness. At the 

 age of sixteen he was sent to Paris to prosecute his studies, where he 

 became acquainted with Casaubon, by whose influence he was induced, 

 contrary to the wish of his father, to embrace the Reformed faith. 

 From Paris he went to Heidelberg, where he made a formal renuncia- 

 tion of the Roman Catholic religion, in which he had been educated. 

 At Heidelberg he obtained the friendship of the jurist Denys Godefroy 

 and of Gruter, who appreciated his talents, and recommended him to 

 the notice of all the great literary men in Germany. During his stay 

 in this city, he prosecuted his studies with the greatest perseverance, 

 and perused not only the Greek and Latin writers which were then 

 published, but also numerous others, which existed in manuscript in 

 the university library. He devoted the whole of every third night 

 entirely to study, till at length his excessive application occasioned a 

 long and serious attack of illness. About this time (1608) his first 

 publication appeared, which was an edition of a treatise in Greek 

 by Nilus, archbishop of Thessalonica, on the primacy of the pope, 

 and also of another work on the same subject, by a monk of the 

 name of Barlaam, both of which were accompanied with a Latin 

 version and a few notes. He published soon afterwards an edition 

 of Florus, Svo, Paris, 1609, which he dedicated to Gruter. After 

 spending three years in Germany, he returned to France, and shortly 

 after his return published a short treatise ' De Suburbicariis Regi- 

 onibus et Ecclesiis,' in opposition to Sirmondus. In 1620 he pub- 

 lished his edition of the ' Historic Augustse Scriptores Sex,' folio, 

 which Casaubon, shortly before his death, had intended to edit as 

 a sequel to his edition of Suetonius. The commentary of Salmasius 

 on these writers is full of valuable information, and may still be con 

 suited with profit. In 1622 Salmasius published his edition of Tcrtul 

 lian's work ' De Pallio,' with a commentary, in which he treats at 

 great length of the different garments worn by the ancients. 



In the following year (1623) Salmasius married the daughter oi 

 Mercier, who was a person of elevated rank, and is frequently men- 

 tioned by his son-in-law in terms of the highest praise both for his 

 learning and talents. From the time of his marriage Salmasius resided 

 for many years in the neighbourhood of Paris, chiefly engaged in the 

 preparation of his great work, which was published at Paris in 1629, 

 folio, 2 vols., under the title of ' Plinianse Exercitationes in Caii Juli: 

 Solini Polyhistora,' and reprinted at Leyden in 1689, with an appendix 

 entitled 'De Homonymis Hyles latricse Exercitationes, necnon de 

 Manna et Saccharo.' The treatise of Solinus [SOLINUS] was evidently 

 selected by Salmasius on account of its treating of so many various 

 subjects in antiquity, and thus enabling him to discuss without the 

 trouble of systematic arrangement almost any subject which he chose 

 It is a work of astonishing erudition ; not only does it embrace ques 

 tions connected with Greek and Roman history, geography, anc 

 archaeology, but it also treats at great length of the plants, herbs, anc 

 minerals known to the ancients. In order to qualify himself more 

 completely for the work, Salmasius studied the Hebrew, Persian, anc 

 Arabic languages, with which he shows an extensive acquaintance 

 The work is ho ivever written in a very confused manner, and embraces 

 too many subjects to be thoroughly treated of by one man. In this 



as well as in most of his other writings, Salmasius frequently shows 

 great carelessness in the statement of facts, combined with much 

 arrogance and pretension. 



Upon the publication of this work the reputation of Salmasius 

 reached its greatest height. He was solicited by various princes and 

 itatea to settle in their dominions. He was invited by the Venetians, 

 >y the university of Oxford, and even by the pope ; but he declined 

 all these invitations, and at length settled at Leyden in 1632, where 

 10 received a public salary, but did not discharge any duties as 

 professor. 



Upon the death of his father in 1640, Salmasius returned to France 

 ;o settle his father's affairs ; and while there Richelieu pressed him to 

 remain in his native country, and also offered him a very large pension 

 f he would write his Life. After the death of Richelieu, Mazarin 

 :enewed the offers of Richelieu, but Salmasius resisted all their solici- 

 ations, and returned to Leyden, where he remained till 1650, when he 

 went to Sweden to pay a visit to Queen Christina, who had written 

 um the most pressing invitation, and had said she could not live 

 happy without him. The climate of Sweden however did not agree 

 with him, and he accordingly returned in the following year. 



After the death of Charles I. of England, Salmasius was employed 

 3y Charles II., who was then in Holland, to write a defence of his 

 father and of monarchy, and which he accordingly did, and published 

 under the title of 'Defensio Regia pro Carolo I.,' 1649; to which 

 Milton made a most powerful reply in his ' Defensio pro Populo Angli- 

 cano.' [MILTON.] Salmasius prepared a reply to Milton, but did not 

 live to finish it. He died in September 1653. 



In addition to the works which have been mentioned in the 

 :ourse of this article, Salmasius also wrote and edited the following 

 works: 'De Usuris,' 8vo, Leyden, 1638; ' De Modo Usurarum," Svo, 

 Leyden, 1639; 'Dissertatio de Fcenere Trapezitico, in tres libros 

 divisa,' Leyden, 1640; 'Notse in Pervigilium Veneris,' 12mo, Leyd*-n, 

 1638 ; 'Commentarius in Simplicii Enchiridion Epicteti,' 4to, Leydeu, 

 1640 : ' Interpretatio Hippocratei Aphorism! de Calculo,' Svo, Leyden, 

 1640; 'De Hellenistica Commentarius Controversiatn de Lingua 

 Hellenistica decidens, et plenissime pertractans Origines et Dialectos 

 Grsecse Linguae,' Svo, Leyden, 1645; ' Observationes in Jus Atticum 

 et Romanum,' 8vo, Leyden, 1645. A collection of Saltnasius's 

 Letters was published by Antony Clement after his death, to which 

 his Life is prefixed, Leyden, 1656. 



SALMON, NATHANIEL, the son of the Rev. Thomas Salmon, 

 was admitted of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in 1690. He 

 entered into holy orders, and obtained a curacy in Hertfordshire, but 

 abandoned the clerical profession for that of medicine, in the practice 

 of which, and in the study of antiquities, he passed the remainder of 

 his life. He died on the 2nd of April 1742. His principal works 

 are : ' A Survey of the Roman Stations in Britain according to the 

 Roman Itinerary,' Svo, 1721 ; ' A Survey of the Roman Stations in the 

 Midland Counties in England,' Svo, 1726 ; 'History of Hertfordshire,' 

 London, fol., 1728; 'Antiquities of Surrey,' London, 8vo, 1736; 

 ' History and Antiquities of Essex, from the collections of Mr. Strange- 

 man,' London, fol., 1740. 



SALOMON, JOHANN-PETER, a composer of merit, a violinist of 

 the highest rank, and an active and enterprising promoter of music, 

 was born at Bonn, in 1745. He was educated for the profession of the 

 civil law ; but was eventually allowed to indulge his inclination for 

 music, and soon became celebrated not only for his performance on 

 the violin, but for his knowledge of the harmonic art in all its 

 branches. 



When young he entered the service of Prince Henry of Prussia, at 

 Berlin, who became much attached to his youthful musician. For 

 this accomplished and amiable prince he composed several French 

 operas. He afterwards accepted an invitation to Paris, in 1781, where 

 he met with an abundance of praise, but speedily sought the English 

 shores, in hope of obtaining more solid reward, and was not disap- 

 pointed. Arriving in London, he was immediately introduced to the 

 more eminent amateurs, among whom were many of the nobility, and 

 his cheerful disposition, superior manners, and good sense soon 

 obtained for him the friendship of those who at first patronised him 

 on account of his professional talents. In 1790 he formed the project 

 of giving a series of subscription-concerts, and carried it into effect, in 

 the most spirited manner, the following year. These constitute an 

 epoch in musical history, for they led to the production of the 

 twelve grand symphonies by Haydn, known everywhere as "composed 

 for Salomon's Concerts " works of an imperishable nature, because 

 founded on immutable principles, and embodying all that is beautiful 

 in the class of art to which they belong. A further account of these, 

 and of the concerts, will be found in our biographical sketch of HAYDN. 

 In 1798 the oratorio of 'The Creation' was produced at the Opera 

 concert-room, at the risk and iinder the direction of Mr. Salomon. 

 In 1801 he, in conjunction with Dr. Arnold and Madame Mara, opened 

 the Haymarket theatre, during Lent, with oratorios ; and in the same 

 year gave five subscription-concerts. As a professional man he now 

 retired from public life, and chiefly occupied his time in attending at 

 Carlton House, in composing two sets of canzonets, some songs, glees, 

 &c., and in publishing these, together with six violin solos and two grand 

 violin concertos, arranged for the pianoforte. But at the formation 

 of the Philharmonic Society, in 1813, he contributed his services as a 



