261 



SALVANDY, COUNT DE. 



SAMSOE, OLE JOHAN. 



262 



dilettante, and led the first concert " with a zeal and ability that age 

 liad in no degree impaired." He died in 1815, and his remains were 

 deposited in the great cloister of Westminster Abbey. 



SALVANDY, NARCISSE-ACHILLE, COUNT DE, was born at 

 Condom, in the department of Qers, June 11, 1795, but was sent to 

 Paris in early youth, and educated at the Lyc<5e Napoleon. He on- 

 listed as a volunteer in 1812, and served with so much distinction 

 during the campaigns of 1813-14, that on the 6th of April 1814, the 

 emperor bestowed upon him, with his own hands, the decoration of 

 the Legion of Honour. 



After the restoration of the Bourbons, in 1814, M. de Salvandy 

 was made an officer of the royal household, and in March 1815, 

 attended Louis XVIII. to the frontiers. About this time, in his 

 twentieth year, he began that long series of argumentative pamphlets, 

 for which he afterwards became so celebrated, by the publication 

 of two brochures, one called ' Mdmoire sur les Griefs et les Vcoux de 

 la France,' the other 'Observations sur le Champ de Mai.' In 1816 

 he brought out ' la Coalition et la France,' in which he displayed con- 

 siderable talent. It produced a great sensation in more than one court. 



In 1819, he became a member of the conseil d'e'tat, holding the 

 office of Maitre des Requites. But he was incapable of submission to 

 any control. The measure presented by M. Barthe'le'mi, on the ' Loi 

 des Electeurs,' appeared to him an organic change unfavourable to the 

 constituency, he therefore published his 'Vues Politiques,' in which, 

 regardless of place and emoluments, he fully described the nature of 

 political parties, their power, influence, and objects. This act of in- 

 dependence was followed by several others, as the restored family 

 seemed to advance in their system of aggression upon public liberty, 

 until the startling pamphlet ' Sur les Dangers de la Situation prdsente,' 

 produced a rupture between him and the ministry. 



In 1824, M. de Salvandy went to Spain, and shortly afterwards 

 married Mademoiselle Oberkampf. The result of this journey was a 

 work of more than usual length, ' Don Alonzo, ou L'Espagne,' com- 

 prising a full account of the Peninsula, and its various political changes. 

 It was in the course of the same year, 1824, that he began to write 

 liis well-known articles in the ' Journal des De'bats,' the most con- 

 spicuous of which at that period were entitled ' Les FuneVailles de 

 Louis XVIII.' and ' Le Nouveau R&gne et 1'ancien Ministere/ recom- 

 mending a course of constitutional policy to Charles X. Like Cha- 

 teaubriand, Armand Carrel, and other independent political writers, 

 he steers a middle course between the opposite parties, and flatters 

 neither of them. Ever constant to his principles, and equally averse 

 to arbitrary rule and anarchical divisions, he maintained for forty-two 

 years the same moderate opinions of equity and justice. In all his 

 writings he took for his basis, the maxim there is no security for 

 France but in constitutional monarchy. His style is energetic, and 

 his arguments are expressed in warm language ; yet he never abandons 

 the fundamental principle; notwithstanding the strong measures 

 adopted by the French government to embarrass him, especially by 

 the revival of the 'censure.' 



In 1827, during the short liberal ministry of M. de Martignac, M. de 

 Salvandy was created Conseiller d'Etat, on which occasion Charles X. 

 said to him : " you must admit that you have sometimes gone a little 

 too far." But when the Polignac cabinet was formed, in 1829, he 

 resigned immediately. 



From 1830 to 1848, during the whole reign of Louis Philippe, M. 

 de Salvandy continued to publish his separate pamphlets, and his 

 articles in the ' Journal des Debats.' Amongst these few have been 

 more admired than his ' Seize mois ; ou la Revolution de 1830 et les 

 ReVolutionnaires.' M. de Salvandy became a depute" in 1832, when he 

 observed the same course of moderate and liberal policy as in his 

 writings. He was more than once called to fill some of the highest 

 ministerial offices of state, during the reign of the Citizen King. He 

 likewise became a member of the French academy, and was created a 

 count. After the coup d'e'tat, in December 1851, he withdrew, like 

 most of his eminent fellow-countrymen, into comparative retirement. 

 He died December 15, 1856, at the age of sixty-one. 



SALVATOR ROSA. [ROSA, SALVATOR.] 



SALVIA'TI, IL (FRANCESCO Rossi), so called from having been 

 patronised and protected by the Cardinal Salviati, was the son of 

 Michel Angiolo Rossi, and was born at Florence in 1510. He studied 

 painting first under Andrea del Sarto, and afterwards under Baccio 

 Bandinelli, and was fellow-student with Giorgio Vasari, between whom 

 and himself there existed a strict intimacy. They studied together at 

 Rome, and although the superior genius of Salviati prompted him to a 

 higher class of design than that to which Vasari attained, the latter, 

 with a remarkable freedom from jealousy, always in his writings 

 celebrated the eminence of his friend. Indeed in hia ' Le Vite di piu 

 excellent! Pittori,' he speaks of the work of his fellow-pupil and 

 countryman in the Palazzo Grimaldi at Venice, representing the history 

 of Psyche, as the finest work in Venice. Whilst at Rome Salviati 

 painted the ' Annunciation ' and ' Christ appearing to St. Peter ' in the 

 church of La Pace, and he embellished the vault of the chapel of his 

 patron the cardinal with a series of frescoes representing the life of St. 

 John the Baptist ; he painted for the Prince Farnese a set of cartoons 

 for the tapestry of his palace, displaying the principal events of the 

 history of Alexander the Great, and, in conjunction with Vasari, he 

 ornamented the Cancellaria with several fresco works. 



From Rome he went to Venice, and thence to Mantua and Florence ; 

 and in the latter city was employed by the grand duke to decorate 

 one of the saloons of the Palazzo Vecchio, where he painted the 

 ' Victory and Triumph of Furiua Camillus.' He did not long remain 

 at Florence, but upon the invitation of the Cardinal de Lorraine visited 

 France, where he painted for Francis I. some part of the chateau of 

 Fontainebleau. In Paris he executed a fine work for the church of 

 the C-lestines, representing the ' Taking down from the Cross ;' but 

 not feeling satisfied with his situation in the dominions of Francis, he 

 returned to Rome, where he died, in the year 1563. 



The violence and turbulence of Salviati'a disposition caused him to 

 be frequently embroiled in quarrels, and his envious and illiberal dis- 

 position towards the merits of his brother artists provoked from them 

 a very unfair comparison of his works with those of others. Though 

 received in France by Primaticcio, the superintendent of tho works at 

 Fontainebleau, with respect and kindness, he acted towards that person 

 with ingratitude ; and when he returned to Rome he fell into virulent 

 disputes with Daniello di Volterra, Pietro Legorio, and others ; and 

 carried his violence to such excess that it is eaid to have brought on 

 a fever, which proved^ fatal to him. In invention Salviati was rich 

 and fertile ; in composition, original and copious ; and though inferior 

 in his general colouring, his carnations are delicate and tender. He 

 showed great skill in the management of his draperies and architectural 

 accessories. 



SAMANIANS, a Persian dynasty under the kalifs, of which the 

 founder, Ismael, was the first who had the title of Padishah (king). 

 As the Mohammedan possessions increased in extent, the governors of 

 the provinces gradually usurped a more extended and less dependent 

 power, sometimes refusing to their spiritual and temporal superior the 

 nominal allegiance which at others they were content to pay. Amru 

 Laith, a governor of this class, ruled Khorasan, Fars, and Irak, and his 

 extent of dominion raised the jealousy of the kalif Motadhedh, who 

 stirred up against him Ismael Samani, a chief who had been for some 

 time rising into a power, of which the first foundation had been laid 

 by his grandfather Saman. Ismael passed the Oxus into the states of 

 his rival, and prepared to dispute his possessions by arms ; but the 

 contest was decided in a more unusual manner. The horse of Amru 

 took the bit in his teeth and carried his rider into the camp of the 

 enemy. His soldiers, left without a commander, fled, and thus a large 

 portion of Persia was added to the dominions of the fortunate con- 

 queror. It is said that Ismael sent an officer to console and comfort 

 his prisoner ; a kindness which Amru returned by sending to his captor 

 a list of the places where he had stored his treasures. Ismael however 

 refused even to look at this ; treating the offer as an attempt to throw 

 upon him the guilt incurred in the unjust accumulation of these 

 treasures. The ultimate cause of their discovery, say the historians of 

 this dynasty, was as singular as any part of this extraordinary corre- 

 spondence. The ruby necklace of one of the wives of Ismael was 

 carried off by a bird of prey, who took it for a piece of flesh. Pursued 

 by soldiers with shouts and clashing of arms, he dropped the splendid 

 booty into a well, and in this well were found, after a diligent search, 

 the treasure in question. Ismael was recognised as king by Motadhedh 

 in 287 of the Hejira (A.D. 900), and reigned seven years. His descend- 

 ants who held this kingdom from father to son, except in the last two 

 instances, in which it passed from one brother to another, were Ahmed, 

 Nasser, Noah I., Abdalmelek I., Mansor L, Noah II., Manser II., and 

 Abdalmelek II. The dynasty was superseded by Mahmoud of Ghizni, 

 who incorporated their dominions with his own empire, after they had 

 held the greater part of Persia for more than a hundred years. 



SAMSOE, OLE JOHAN, was born on the 2nd of March 1759, at 

 Nestved, where his father was a person in easy circumstances. At 

 first he was educated at home by a private tutor, but was afterwards 

 sent to the school at Colding, of which Justitsraad Thorlacius was then 

 the rector. He proceeded thence to the University of Copenhagen, 

 where he distinguished himself by his superior abilities and attain- 

 ments, and where he formed some literary friendships. One of his 

 most intimate associates was Rahbek, with whom he set out on a tour 

 through Germany in tho summer of 1782. The two friends visited 

 Paris on their return in the autumn of 1784. It was now necessary 

 that he should form some decisive plans for the future, for though his 

 father had left him what was at the time a considerable property, it 

 was vested in Indian stock, which had fallen very greatly in the 

 interim, whilo the expenses of travelling, of which he seems to have 

 borne the greater share, had made some inroad into his finances. At 

 the advice therefore of a friend, he applied for the post of teacher to 

 the royal pages, but did not hold it longer than about five year?. His 

 salary however was continued to him as a pension. 



In 1793 he was made one of the masters of the Latin school, but 

 resigned that situation in the following spring, his motive for accepting 

 it having been chiefly to make such addition to his income as would 

 enable him to marry a lady to whom he was attached ; yet though all 

 preparations had been made, and the day itself fixed, the marriage was 

 broken off by mutual consent, and without breach of good understand- 

 ing between the parties. Thus released from the duty of providing 

 for a family, Samsbe gave up his other engagements, and applied him- 

 self entirely to literary studies. Besides his Scandinavian tales, the 

 first of which, ' Frithiof,' had been composed by him while at the 

 university, he commenced a translation of Cicero's ' Offices,' and another 



