263 



SAMUEL. 



SANCHEZ, FRANCISCO. 



264 



of Garve's work on morals. His proficiency in Greek literature, and 

 his admiration of Plutarch, suggested to him the idea of writing a 

 work on ancient hibtory, thrown chiefly into the form of biographies 

 of the moat conspicuous personages, connected by succinct narratives 

 of intermediate events. Unfortunately he did not execute or even 

 begin it, for nothing of the kind was discovered among his manuscripts. 

 He now tried his talent in a different walk of literature, where success 

 brings with it more sudden and more brilliant popularity. The enthu- 

 siasm with which his tragedy of ' Dy vecke ' (founded on the history of 

 the beautiful mistress of Christian II. and her ambitious mother) was 

 received, would doubtless have led him at once to prosecute that 

 career, and indeed the plans of two other dramas on national subjects 

 were found among his papers. But he did not live even to be assured 

 of his triumph, as he died January 24th, 1796, just a week before the 

 first representation of his piece, which took place on the day of his 

 funeral. ' Dy vecke ' makes an epoch in the annals of the Danish 

 stage : written in prose, and divested of those pompous conven- 

 tionalities which often serve merely to disguise feebleness, this drama 

 captivates by the intrinsic interest of dialogues and situations, and by 

 its forcible pathos. It is true that criticism has alleged many defects 

 against it; yet if not perfect, it furnished a model which did not 

 previously exist in the language; and both on that account, and as 

 being the only dramatic attempt of the author, it deserves to be esti- 

 mated by its beauties and its merits. This tragedy and his Tales 

 form the two volumes of his posthumous pieces, edited by his friend 

 Eahbek. 



SAMUEL, the prophet and judge of Israel, was the son of Elkanah 

 by Hannah, his wife, and was bom in B.C. 1171. He had been granted 

 to his mother's earnest prayers, she having been long barren, and she 

 had vowed to devote him to the service of the Lord. He was accord- 

 ingly brought up in the tabernacle, and when only twelve years old 

 was made the messenger of the Lord to announce the punishment on 

 Eli and his sons, because they were " vile, and he restrained them 

 not." At the end of ten years the punishment was inflicted. In a 

 battle with the Philistines the Israelites were defeated, the ark was 

 taken, Eli's two sons were slain, and he, on hearing the news, fell 

 backward from his seat and broke his neck. The ark which the 

 Philistines had captured proved to them a source of calamity, and 

 they were soon glad to restore it; but the Hebrews continued in 

 subjection to the Philistines for twenty years. During this time the 

 influence of Samuel increased, and on condition of the people aban- 

 doning idolatry he promised them deliverance ; assembled them at 

 Mizpeb, where he was created judge ; and soon after totally defeated 

 the Philistines, who were compelled to restore all their conquests from 

 the Israelites. His administration alone lasted twelve years, when the 

 ill-conduct of his sons to whom he had intrusted subordinate govern- 

 ments, his advancing years, and the unsettled state of the country, 

 induced the <-ldeis to resort to him at Ramah to demand that a king 

 should be set over them. Samuel forcibly represented the evils to 

 which they would be exposed under the rule of a despotic sovereign, 

 but they persisted, and the first election of a king was appointed to 

 take place in 1110. Saul, in conformity to a revelation, was anointed 

 by Samuel; and when the tribes met at Gilgal he was chosen king by 

 acclamation, though Samuel continued judge and priest for the remain- 

 ing thirty-eight years of his life. On the occasion of the confirmation 

 of Saul as king, after the defeat of the Ammonites, Samuel appealed 

 to the people whether he had ever oppressed or defrauded any, and 

 they replied that he had not. He then exhorted them to obedience, 

 adding, " I will teach you the good and the right way." Saul however 

 seems to have been desirous of superseding him. In prospect of a 

 battle with the Philistines he took upon himself to offer sacrifice, for 

 which he was reprehended by Samuel. Again, when Saul was ordered 

 to destroy the Amalekites, he spared the king, and preserved the 

 booty ; but Samuel caused the king to be* put to death, and foretold 

 that for his disobedience the kingdom would be rent from Saul. After 

 a time, though Samuel lamented for Saul, he was commanded to 

 anoint David [DAVID], which he did ; and two years before the death 

 of Saul he died, B.C. 1072, aged ninety, having governed Israel fifty 

 years, twelve years alone and thirty-eight in conjunction with SauL 



Of the two canonical books of the Old Testament which bear his 

 name, the first containing the history of Israel from the birth of the 

 Prophet Samuel to the death of Saul (B.C. 1171-1055), and the second 

 the history of David's reign for about forty years (B.C. 1055-1017), the 

 Jews and most Christian writers ascribe a portion to Samuel (who, 

 from the nature of their contents, could not have written the whole), 

 and the remainder to the prophets Gad and Nathan, chiefly on the 

 ground of the following passage iu 1 Chron. xxix. 29 : " Now the 

 acts of David the king, first and last, behold, they are written in the 

 book of Samuel the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet, and 

 in the book of Gad the seer." The first twenty-four chapters of the 

 first book of Samuel, from Samuel's birth nearly to his death, are 

 ascribed to Samuel himseli. As to the remainder, it cannot be exactly 

 determined what part was written by Gad, and what part by Nathan ; 

 but it is conjectured that Gad, who was very probably a pupil of 

 Samuel, and a companion of David in his wanderings during the life 

 of Saul (1 Sam. xxii. 5), wrote the history of David, from the death 

 of Samuel to his being made king in Hebron (1 Sam. xxv. ; 2 Sam. v.) ; 

 and that the remaining part of the second book was written by Nathan. 



These three portions then were collected by Ezra when he formed 

 the canon into one book, for in the Jewish canon the two books of 

 Samuel form only one. Jahn, on the contrary, ascribes the books of 

 Samuel and of Kings to the same author, and places their publication 

 about the forty-fourth year of the Babylonish captivity. In the 

 Septuagint these books are called the first and second books of Kings, 

 or of the Kingdoms. 



SANADON, NOEL-ETIENNE, was born at Rouen, February 16, 

 1676. Having entered early into the order of Jesuits, he became 

 professor of rhetoric first at Caen, and afterwards at Paris. On the 

 death of Pere Ducerceau, he was appointed tutor to the Prince de 

 Conti, through whose influence he became, in 1728, librarian of the 

 College de Louis le Grand, which situation he held till his death, 

 October 22, 1733. 



The Pere Sanadon was possessed of considerable erudition, and was 

 on terms of intimacy with Huet and most of the other learned men 

 of his time. He is the author of a prose translation of Horace, ' Les 

 Poesies d'Horace, disposers suivant 1'Ordre chronologique, et traduites 

 en Frangais, avec des Remarques et des Dissertations critiques,' 

 2 vols. 4to, Paris and Amsterdam, 1728. There is a subsequent 

 edition in 3 vols. 12mo, 1759. This translation is better than that of 

 Dacier, and has smoothed the way for following translators, but it 

 possesses few of the beauties of Horace. Sanadon is the author of a 

 Latin heroic poem, ' Nicauor Moriens,' which contains some pleasing 

 imitations of Theocritus, Anacreon, and other Greek poets. He wrote 

 also some Latin lyric poems, ' Carminum Libri Quatuor,' 12mo, Paris, 

 1715, and translated the ' Pervigilium Veneris/ 12rno, Paris, 1728. 

 Many of his Latin verses and Latin discourses have been published 

 separately, of which a detail is given in Moreri's ' Dictiounaire His- 

 torique,' edition of 1759. 



SANCHEZ DE ARE'VALO, RODRI'GO, generally known as 

 Rodericus Sanctius, a Spanish prelate, much admired for his writings 

 on ecclesiastical history and other subjects, was born at Santa Maria 

 de Nieva,. in the diocese of Segovia, in 1404. After receiving his 

 classical education at the university of Salamanca, and obtaining the 

 degree of doctor, he entered the church, and was made successively 

 archdeacon of Trevino in the diocese of Burgos, dean of Leon, ami 

 dean of Seville. About 1440, John II., king of Castile, wishing to 

 send an ambassador to Frederic III., chose Sanchez for that purpose. 

 Sanchez succeeded so well in the object of his mission, that when 

 Calixtus III. became pope, he was sent by Henry IV. of Castile to 

 congratulate his holiness on his accession. In all his embassies 

 Sanchez made Latin harangues to the different princes to whom he 

 was sent. These harangues are still preserved in manuscript in the 

 Vatican library. On the accession of Paul II., Sanchez, who had been 

 prevailed upon by his predecessor to settle at Rome, was appointed by 

 that pope governor of the castle of St. Angelo, and keeper of the 

 jewels and treasures of the Roman church ; and in course of time pro- 

 moted to the bishoprics of Zamora, Calahorra, and Palencia, which he 

 however governed without quitting Rome. He employed all the time 

 he could spare from his official duties in composing several works, 

 most of which have never been printed. He died at Rome, October 

 4th 1470, and was interred in the church of Santiago dei Spagnuoli. 

 He wrote the following works : ' Speculum Vitse Humanse, &c.,' being 

 a treatise on morals, divided into two books, in which very heavy 

 censure is passed on the clergy, folio, Rome, 1468; 'Epistola de 

 Expugnatione Nigropontis,' folio, without date, but probably before 

 the author's death. 'Compendiosa Historia Hispanica' (4to, Rome, 

 1470), dedicated to Henry IV. of Castile; this was subsequently 

 reprinted in the collection entitled ' Hispania Illustrata,' by Andrea 

 Schott, vol. i. (Frankfurt, 1603). 'Liber de Origine ac Differentia 

 Principatus, &c.,' being a treatise wherein the author labours to prove 

 the supremacy of the pope over all other sovereigns, Rome, 1521. He 

 also wrote many more works on different subjects, which are still in 

 manuscript in the Vatican library, and the catalogue of which may. be 

 seen in Nicolas Antonio, ' Bib.,' vol. i., p. 297. 



SANCHEZ, FRANCISCO, commonly called 'El Brocense,' an 

 eminent classical scholar, was born at Las Brogas, in the province of 

 Estremadura in Spain, in 1523. He commenced hia studies at the 

 university of Valladolid, where he took his degree of bachelor of arts 

 in 1551. From thence he went to Salamanca, where, having been 

 incorporated in the university, he obtained, in 1554, the chair of 

 rhetoric, and also taught Greek and Latin with the highest reputation. 

 Justus Lipsius, Scioppius, and other learned scholars of his time speak 

 in the highest terms of him. The former bestows on him the epithets 

 ' divine ' and ' admirable,' and in one of hia letters (' Ad Italos et 

 Hispanos,' p. 89) calls him ' Mercurius atque Apollo Hispauiaa.' In 

 1574 Sanchez took the doctor's degree. He had already edited 

 Persius, Pomponius Mela, the ' Ibis ' of Ovidius, Virgil's ' Bucolics,' 

 and Horace's ' Art of Poetry.' He now devoted all his leisure to the 

 composition of the work which gained him most reputation, namely, 

 his ' Minerva ; seu de Causis Linguae Latiuse Commentarius,' which 

 appeared for the first time at Salamanca in 8vo, 1587, and was often 

 reprinted during the 16th century, and iu more modern times at 

 Amsterdam, 8vo, 1754, 1761, with remarks by Scioppius and numerous 

 annotations by James Voorbroek. [PERIZONIUS.] Another edition 

 was published at Utrecht, 1795, with the additions of Everard Scheid. 

 The 'Minerva' is a work in which the rules of Latin syntax are 



