SANDEMAN, ROBERT. 



SANDOVAL, FRAY PRUDENCIO. 



270 



across the Thames at Somerset House attracted great attention at the 

 time, but it was never proposed to be erected from the great expense 

 which would have attended its construction. 



Thomas Sandby died at the deputy-ranger's lodge in Windsor Great 

 Park on the 25th of June 1798, in his seventy-seventh year, and was 

 buried at Old "Windsor. 



SANDEMAN, ROBERT, a native of Perth in Scotland, was born 

 in 1718. Having married Catherine, daughter of Mr. John Glas, a 

 minister in the Presbyterian church, who was removed in the year 

 1728 from his office on account of certain peculiarities of religious 

 opinion, Mr. Sandeman adopted the views of his father-in-law and 

 devoted himself to their promulgation. In 1757 he published his 

 Letters on the ' Theron and Aspasia ' of Mr. James Hervey, in which 

 the peculiarities of the Glassite system are exhibited in a popular 

 manner. In 1758 he began a correspondence with Mr. Samuel Pike, 

 an Independent minister of note in London, who adopted his views, 

 and in 17GO he removed to London, where he preached in various 

 places, and attracted much notice. He formed a congregation in 

 London in 1762. In 1764 he removed to the American Colonies, 

 where he continued till his death. The leading doctrine of the Sande- 

 inanians ia thus expressed in the epitaph on Mr. Sandeman's tomb at 

 Danbury in New England : " Hero lies, until the resurrection, the 

 body of Robert Sandeman, who, in the lace of continual opposition 

 from all sorts of men, long and boldly contended for the ancient faith, 

 that the bare death of Jesus Christ, without a deed or thought on the 

 part of man, is sufficient to present the chief of sinners spotless before 

 God." Saudeman, in reference to the nature of justifying faith, 

 describes it as no more than a simple 'assent* to the divine testimony, 

 passively received by the understanding. 



The Sandemanians in London met first for public worship at the 

 hall of the Glovers' Company, afterwards at an old met ting-house of 

 the Quakers in Bull and Mouth Street, and from 1778 at a chapel in 

 Paul's Alley, Barbican. The best account which has been given of this 

 sect is to be found in ' The History and Antiquities of the Dissenting 

 Churches in London,' by "Walter Wilson, iu 4 vols. 8vo (vol. iii. 

 p. 261-276). After giving a more detailed account of the faith of this 

 body of persons, he proceeds " to unfold some of those practices by 

 which they are distinguished from other Christians : these are, their 

 weekly administration of the Lord's supper ; their love-feasts, of which 

 every member is not only allowed but required to partake, and which 

 consist in dining either in the vestry of their meeting-house or at each 

 other's houses in the interval between the morning and afternoon 

 services ; their kiss of charity at the admission of a new member, and 

 at other times when they deem it necessary and proper ; their weekly 

 collections before the Lord's supper, for the support of the poor and 

 defraying other expenses ; mutual exhortation ; abstinence from blood 

 and things strangled ; washing each other's feet, when, as a deed of 

 mercy, it might be an expression of love ; community of goods, by 

 which any one is to consider the whole of his property liable to the 

 calls of the poor and of the church ; and the unlawfulness of laying 

 up treasures upon earth, by setting them apart for any distant, future, 

 and uncertain use. Agreeably to this, they do not allow of putting 

 out money to interest. They allow of public and private diversions, 

 so far as they are not connected with circumstances really sinful ; and, 

 apprehending a lot to be a thing sacred, they disapprove of lotteries 

 and games of chance." At the census, taken in 1851, the Sande- 

 manians in England numbered six congregations, with an attendance 

 on the Census Sunday of 439 in the morning, 256 in the afternoon, 

 and 61 in the evening. In Scotland the number of congregations was 

 six, with a maximum attendance of 554. In America the Census report 

 does not specify the number of Sandemanian congregations, and they 

 are therefore probably very few. 



SANDERSON, ROBERT, Bishop of Lincoln, was born at Rother- 

 ham in Yorkshire, September 19, 1587. So rapid was the progress he 

 made at the grammar-school of his native town, that at the age of 

 thirteen he was sent to Lincoln College, Oxford. In 1606 he was 

 elected fellow, and in 1608 reader in logic in that college : his logic 

 lectures were published under the title ' Logicse Artis Compendium,' 

 in 1615, and passed through several editions. Having some years 

 earlier taken holy orders, he was in 1615 presented by his cousin, Lord 

 Ca&tleton, to the rectory of Wibberton, near Boston, Lincolnshire, 

 but exchanged it the following year for the rectory of Boothby Pau- 

 nell, in the same county, which he retained for above forty years. He 

 now resigned his fellowship, and married; was made prebend of 

 Southwell, and in 1629 of Lincoln. He was also chosen as clerk in 

 convocation for the diocese of Lincoln. 



Having become known to Laud, then Bishop of London, that 

 prelate recommended him as one extremely skilled in casuistical 

 learning to Charles I., who appointed him his chaplain, and soon 

 conceived a great esteem for him. Being with the king at Oxford, 

 in 1636, he was created D.D. In 1642 he was appointed by the 

 king regius professor of divinity at Oxford, but the state of public 

 affairs did not permit him to enter upon that office till 1646, and 

 he was then unable to hold it for more than a year. In 1643 the 

 parliament named him one of the Assembly of Divines, but he never 

 sat amongst them, and as he refused to sign the Covenant his living 

 was sequestered ; indeed to Sanderson is ascribed the principal share 

 in drawing up 'The Reasons of the University of Oxford against 



.he Solemn League and Covenant, the Negative Oath, and the Ordi- 

 nances concerning Discipline and Worship.' 



When the parliament made their " proposals to the king for a peace 

 n Church and State," Dr. Sanderson was one of the four diviues whom 

 Dharles requested to be allowed to attend him for the satisfaction of 

 bis conscience as to how far he might yield assent to these proposal*. 

 The request was refused at the time, but afterwards Sanderson was 

 permitted to attend him both at Hampton Court and the Isle of Wight ; 

 and the result of their private conferences is said by Walton to have 

 been that the king laid on Sanderson an injunction to consider and 

 report on the proposition for the abolition of episcopacy, and also to 

 write on certain cases of conscience. The result of these request* was 

 the preparation of Sanderson's treatise, ' Episcopacy as established by 

 Law in England not prejudicial to Regal Power,' 8vo, published in 

 1661 and 1663; and also his celebrated ' Nine Cases of Conscience 

 Resolved,' printed at different times, but first collected in 1678. 



On being ejected by the parliamentary visitors from his professor- 

 ship in 1648, Dr. Sanderson retired to his living of Boothby Pannell; 

 but this was placed under sequestration, and he was arrested. He was 

 however soon after exchanged for a puritan divine held in custody by 

 the royalists, and hia living restored under certain conditions, though 

 he was several times afterwards molested and on one occasion wounded 

 by a party of soldiers. At the restoration Dr. Sanderson was rein- 

 stated in his professorship, and shortly after made Bishop of Lincoln. 

 His liberal conduct in thia office gained him general esteem, but ho 

 enjoyed it little more than two years, dying on the 29th of January 

 1663 in his seventv sixth year. 



Besides the worts above mentioned, Bishop Sanderson wrote 'De 

 Juramenti Obligatione,' 8vo, 1647, and several times reprinted: 

 Charles I., is said to have translated this work during his imprisonment 

 in Carisbrook Castle, his version being printed at London in 1655; 'De 

 Obligatione Conscientise,' 4to, 1661 ; ' Censure of Mr. Antony Ascham 

 his book of the Confusions and Revolutions of Government,' 8vo, 

 1649; 'The Power communicated by God to the Prince and the 

 Obedience required of the Subject,' and ' Clavi Trabales : or Nails 

 fastened by some great Masters of Assemblies, concerning the King's 

 supremacy, the Subject's duty, and Church Government by Bishops,' 

 4to, 1661 both inserted in a collection of treatises by Archbishop 

 Usher. The following were published posthumously. 'Sermons 

 (36 in number), preached and printed at different times,' with the 

 Author's life by Izaak Walton prefixed, folio, 1681, at the end of the 

 memoir is printed ' Pax Ecclesise : about Predestination ; ' ' Discourse 

 concerning the Church in these particulars ; -first concerning the true 

 Church, secondly concerning the Church of Rome,' published by Dr. 

 Asheton in 1688. Bishop Sanderson has always been esteemed one of 

 the most able and clear-headed of the writers on casuistry produced 

 by the English church, but his writings are probably little read 

 now. 



SANDOVA'L, FRAY PRUDENCIO DE, an eminent Spanish 

 historian, was born at Valladolid, others eay at Monterey in the 

 province of Qalicia, about 1560. His parents having educated him for 

 the church, he took the monastic orders at the Benedictine convent of 

 Santa Maria la Real de Naxera, where he passed several year?, 

 devoting all his attention to the study of the civil and ecclesiastical 

 antiquities of Spain. Having gained some reputation by his writings, 

 he was made abbot of San Isidro de Guengua at Valladolid, and soon 

 after appointed historiographer to Philip III. This monarch charged 

 him with the continuation of the ' Cronica General ' of Ambrosio de 

 Morales [MORALES], which Sandoval published under the title of 

 'Historia de los Reyes de Castilla y de Leon.' Other historical works, 

 which he published at the same time, attracted the notice of Philip, 

 and he was rewarded by him with the bishopric of Tuy in Galicia, 

 which Sandoval held until he was translated to that of Pamplona in 

 1612. Sandoval's whole life was spent in visiting the public archives 

 and principal libraries in Spain, where he found many interesting 

 documents. He died at Pamplona, March 17, 1621, at tho age of 

 sixty-ore. Besides the above, Saudoval wrote several other works on 

 the history and antiquities of his native country, among which the 

 following are the most deserving of notice: 'Cronica del Inclyto 

 Emperador de Espana Don Alonso VII.,' fol., Mad. 1600 : this is a 

 chronicle of Alfonso, king of Castile and Leon, surnamed "the 

 Emperor." ' Historia de la Vida y Hechos del Emperador Carlos V.,' 

 in two parts (fol., Valladolid, 1604), Pamplona, 1614, and Antw. 1681. 

 This is a work of great value : there are two old English translation?, 

 or rather abridgments, of it; one by James Wadsworth, under the 

 title of ' The Civil Wars of Spain,' fol., Lond., 1652 ; the other by 

 Captain John Steyens, 'History of Charles V.,' 8vo, Lond., 1703. 

 'Antiguedad de la Ciudad y Iglesia Cathedral de Tuy,' 4to, Braga, 

 1620. 'Catalogo de los Obispos de Pamplona,' fol., Parnp., 1604. 

 ' Regla e Instruccion de San Leandro,' 8vo, Valladolid, 1604. He also 

 edited the chronicles of leidorus Pacensis, Sebastiauus Salmanticensis, 

 Sampirus, bishop of Astorga, and Pelagius Oveteusis, all writers of the 

 twelfth century, the whole being published in a volume under the title 

 of ' Las Cronicas de los Quatro Obispos,' fol., 1615 and 1634. Saudoval 

 is justly considered by Spaniards one of their best historians, 

 style is clear and unaffected, and his erudition vast, though, like most 

 writers of his time, he is occasionally led away by a strong spirit 

 nationality. 



