275 



SANSOVINO, JACOPO TATTI. 



SANZ, AUGUSTIN. 



276 



chancellor Seguier. His maps were collected into an atlas by his sons, 

 and published in two folio volumes, in 1693. In the ' Bibliotheque 

 du Hoi ' is preserved a manuscript dissertation by Sanson, in which he 

 endeavours to prove that Boulogne was the Portus Itius of Caesar. 

 There is a portrait of Sanson, engraved by Edelinck. 



Sanson had three sons, all of whom followed in his steps. Nicolas, 

 the eldest, was killed August 27, 1648, in defending the chancellor 

 Seguier from the fury of the populace, at the age of twenty-two. 

 Adrien, the next son, succeeded his father as geographer to the king, 

 and died in 1718. Guillaume, the youngest, in concert with his 

 brother, continued the publication of maps and geographical works, 

 aiid died in 1703. Adrien was succeeded in the business of publication 

 by his nephew, P. M. Sanson. 



SANSOVl'NO, JA'COPO TATTI. This eminent artist, equally 

 distinguished as sculptor and architect, was born at Florence in 1479. 

 He was the son of Antonio Tatti, whose surname he afterwards 

 exchanged for that by which he is now universally known, and which 

 he assumed out of compliment to his master, Andrea Contucci da 

 Monte Sansovino. Coiitucei had just returned from Portugal, where 

 he had acquired great reputation as a sculptor, when Jacopo, who was 

 then twenty-one years of age, became his pupil, and afterwards greatly 

 surpassed him. His superior talent however was so far from exciting 

 any jealousy, that it served only to increase his instructor's attachment 

 to him. At this time Jacopo profited greatly by his intimacy with 

 Andrea del Sarto. They almost pursued their studies in common, and 

 both of them copied Michel Angelo's celebrated cartoon representing 

 an episode of the war with Pisa. Becoming acquainted with Giuliano 

 Sangallo, then architect to Julius II., he was taken by him to Rome, 

 where his talents procured for him the notice of Bramante and other 

 eminent artists, and also of the pope himself. He was probably 

 indebted to Sangallo for his first instruction in architecture an art 

 which he did not begin to practise till some years afterwards, but in 

 which he ultimately attained the highest distinction. On his return 

 to Florence he produced his Bacchus, a chef-d'oeuvre in modern 

 Bculpture, but now known only from drawings and copies, it having 

 been destroyed by a fire that bi-oke out (1762) in the gallery at 

 Florence, where it had been placed. During his residence at this 

 period at Florence he had an opportunity of displaying his talents as 

 an architect, in designing several triumphal arches, and decorating the 

 front of the Duomo with a temporary facade adorned with Corinthian 

 columns, niches, reliefs, &c., in honour of the public entry of Leo X. 

 (1515), who complimented him by saying that the design deserved to 

 be perpetuated in marble. 



Sansovino returned to Rome a second time, but quitted it for ever 

 on the city being taken and sacked by the imperial troops in 1527, and 

 retired to Venice. He was not however entirely a stranger in that 

 city, having visited it shortly before, when he was introduced to the 

 doge, Andrea Gritti, whose patronage was of essential service to him. 

 One of the first works he was employed upon was the repairing the 

 domes of St. Mark's ; after which he executed a great number of 

 structures, both for the republic and private individuals, among which 

 are San Giorgio de' Greci, La Scuola della Misericordia, the Palazzo 

 Cornaro a San Maurizio (one of his best works), San Francesco della 

 Vigna, La Zecca or Mint, the Public Library, the Loggia del Campanile, 

 San Geminiano (now taken down), Palazzo Delfino, Fabbriche Nuove 

 di Rialto, &c. Among these the Z^cca is considered one of his finest 

 works, yet it certainly is deficient in character, and the windows are 

 too large and too numerous. Inconsistencies of a different kind occur 

 in the Loggia del Campanile, a highly ornamental piece of architecture ; 

 for while the sculptures on the exterior represent heathen deities, the 

 Virgin Mary occupies the niche within. Still this incongruity is 

 excusable in comparison with that exhibited by him in a magnificent 

 bronze door in the sacristy of St. Mark's, the two principal compart- 

 ments of which represent the Saviour's death and resurrection, while 

 the smaller panels are decorated with the heads of the evangelists, 

 besides those of some of his own friends, including that of Peter Aretin. 

 His professional reputation was at one time in great jeopardy, for 

 scarcely was the vaulted ceiling of the Public Library completed, when 

 it fell down; in consequence of which he was imprisoned and fined, 

 though shortly after liberated and restored to his former office. Not- 

 withstanding his numerous engagements as an architect, he did no1 

 give up sculpture entirely, but he executed the two colossal figures 

 of Mars and Neptune, which adorn what is from them called the Giants 

 Staircase in the ducal palace, when upwards of seventy-five years of age. 

 He died at the age of ninety-one, November 27, 1578. According to 

 Vasari, he enjoyed unimpaired health and strength to the last. As a 

 sculptor, he formed many excellent scholars, and among others Danese 

 Cataueo and Alessandro Vittoria. 



FRANCESCO SANSOVINO, a son of Jacopo, supposed to have been 

 illegitimate, was born at Rome in 1521. He was educated to the law 

 took his degree at Padua, and began to practise at the bar in Venice 

 but with so little success that he resolved to try his fortune some 

 other way at the court of Rome ; Cardinal di Monte, his godfather 

 having been elected pope (Julius III.) iu 1550. Yet although he wai 

 kindly received by the pontiff and made one of his chamberlains, he 

 was so disappointed in the chimerical expectations he had formed 

 that he returned to Venice, where he thenceforth applied hinisel 

 entirely to literature. The number of hia productions, among which 



are several translations from the classics, histories, and historical col- 

 ections, abridgments, &c., attest his industry; but the works by 

 which he is now chiefly remembered are his ' Description of Venice,' 

 and the ' Cento Novelle scelti de' piu nobili Scrittori della Lingua 

 Volgare/ which last has been frequently reprinted, but though the 

 ater editions have been augmented by a hundred additional tales, 

 hey are less esteemed than those of 1565 and 1566. Francesco died 

 at Venice, on the 28th of September 1583. 



* SANTA-ANNA, ANTONIO LOPEZ, DE, the late President of 

 Mexico, was born in Mexico within the last ten years of the 18th 

 century. He first distinguished himself in 1821, in assisting to expel 

 ihe Spanish royalists from Vera Cruz, of which town and district he 

 >ecame governor, but was deposed in November 1822. He then 

 organised a movement in that province in favour of a republic, com- 

 menced hostilities against Iturbide who had proclaimed himself 

 emperor, and ultimately succeeded in overthrowing him. His success 

 lowever not satisfying his ambitious views, he placed himself at the 

 lead of the Federalist party, was defeated, and withdrew for a time to 

 lis estate of Jalapa. In 1828, on Pedrazza "being elected to the office 

 of president, he took the field as the supporter of Guerrero, the rival 

 of Pedrazza, and Guerrero, on attaining the dignity of president, made 

 Santa-Anna the commander of his forces. In 1830 Bustamente was 

 ihosen president, when Santa-Anna, in 1832, headed an insurrection 

 in favour of Pedrazza, whom he had formerly opposed, defeated the 

 army sent against him, and Pedrazza was president till April 1833, 

 when Santa-Anna was himself nominated president. In this position, 

 lis vacillating conduct towards all parties encouraged the aristocratic 

 section, and though a favourite with the army, who desired to proclaim 

 aim dictator, he became unpopular with the nation, and Arista and 

 D'Arran rose in arms against him, but were soon subdued. A suspicion 

 arose however that he was aiming at the imperial dignity, and in 

 March 1835 a new insurrection broke out in four of the provinces, 

 and a proclamation was issued in Texas against his government. The 

 defeat of 'these reformers, as they styled themselves, in Zacatecas, 

 enabled Santa-Anna to attain the object of his ambition, and he 

 proclaimed himself Dictator. He did not enjoy the dignity in 

 peace, for his opponents concentrated themselves in Texas, and 

 towards the end of 1835 raised anew the standard of revolt. His 

 efforts to suppress them were unsuccessful, and ended in his being 

 taken prisoner at San Jacinto in 1836. He was liberated in 1837, and 

 in 1838 took part in the defence of Vera Cruz against the French, on 

 which occasion he lost a leg. After various changes of fortune, he 

 was again elected president in 1841, and ruled till 1845, when a new 

 revolution deprived him of his post, and he was taken prisoner near 

 Tlacolula, Jan. 15, banished for ten years, and embarked for England 

 in the Medway in April. The two succeeding presidents however, Her- 

 rera and Paredes, found it impossible to consolidate their power; and the 

 war commenced against them by the United States, who had resolved 

 to support the independence claimed by Texas, induced the nation to 

 depose Paredes and to recall Santa-Anna to the presidentship. In 

 February 1846 he met the American army under General Taylor at 

 Buena Vista, where, after a conflict of two days, he was forced to 

 retire. The Mexican army was defeated again at Matamoras on the 

 22nd of August. The city of Mexico fell into the hands of the 

 enemy in August, and Texas joined the Union. The Mexican senate 

 deposed Santa-Anna in his absence ; but he refused to obey, and 

 retired with the remains of his army to Tehuacan, whence iu the 

 following year he was recalled to the supreme command, and on 

 the 18th of February 1847 the forts and batteries of Cerro Gordo 

 were attacked and taken by the Americans, when Santa-Anna fled, 

 leaving 6000 prisoners in the hands of his adversaries. D'Arrau was 

 elected president, and the successes of the United States forces ren- 

 dering the danger of Mexico imminent, a peace was signed with that 

 power February 2nd, 1848, purchased by the acknowledgment of the 

 independence of Texas and the cession of California. General Arista suc- 

 ceeded D'Arran, but in September 1852 Santa-Anna was recalled, who 

 exercised his power in a despotic manner. In 1853 he propounded a 

 new constitution ; and by a resolution of the council, founded upon 

 the votes of various authorities, of the corporations, and of the most 

 influential inhabitants, he was declared president for life, with the 

 power of naming his successor. In January 1855 these resolutions 

 Wtre confirmed by a nearly unanimous vote of all citizens having the 

 right of voting ; but in August of the same year the feeling against 

 him became so strong that he left the capital, and at Perote signed 

 his unconditional abdication. General Can-era, who had led the insur- 

 rection, was then president for six months ; he abdicated in favour of 

 General Juan Alvarez, who also abdicated ou the 10th of December, 

 and was replaced by General Comonfort, the present president. At 

 the present time however (May 1857) a re-action is said, to be taking 

 place in favour of Santa- Anna. 



SANZ, AUGUSTIN, a Spanish architect, was born at Saragossa, 

 December 29, 1724. He studied the practical part of his profession 

 under liaymundo Cortes, surveyor-general of the public buildings in 

 that city, and the theoretical part in the school of design established 

 there by the sculptor Ramirez at his own expense. But for the pro- 

 gress he afterwards made, and the taste he displayed, he was chiefly 

 indebted to the instruction and advice of Ventura Rodriguez [RODRI- 

 GUEZ], when the latter was engaged at Saragossa on the chapel del 



