305 



SCHADOW, JOHANN GOTTFRIED. 



SCHATZ, GEORGE. 



30! 



countries. Notwithstanding all this, Cicero twice undertook the 

 defence of this unprincipled man. It may be that Cicero's admiration 

 for Scaurus the father induced him to attempt to save the name of 

 Scaurus from disgrace. What Horace ('Carm./i. 12, 37) means in 

 reckoning the Scauri among the greatest men of the republic, is wholly 

 inconceivable. 



M. ^EMILIUS SOAURUS, a son of the former, betrayed Sext. Pompeius, 

 his own brother-in-law, in Asia, to the generals of Antony. After the 

 battle of Actium he was taken prisoner, but pardoned for the sake of 

 his mother Mucia. (Ascon., c. ; Dion. .Cass., li. 2.) 



MAMERCUS SOAURUS, a son of the former, and grandson of M. ^Emilius 

 Scaurus the Younger, was a good orator and poet, but a man of the 

 most dissolute conduct. (Tacit., ' Annal,,' vi. 29 ; Dion. Cass., Iviii. 

 24; Senec., 'De Benef.,' iv. 31.) In the reign of Tiberius he was 

 accused of high-treason, and in the same reign (A.D. 34) of adultery 

 with Livia. These charges may have been unfounded, but the real 

 cause of his persecutions was some verses against the emperor, which 

 his enemy Macro had inserted in one of the tragedies of Scaurus. To 

 escape further persecution, he put an end to his life. Seneca 

 (' Suasor.,' 2) calls him the last of the Scauri. 



SCHADOW, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, an eminent German sculptor, 

 was born at Berlin in 1764. Passionately fond of art when a boy, he 

 was yet unable, owing to the poverty of his father, to obtain any 

 instruction until a sculptor kindly offered to teach him to draw. He 

 soon mastered the rudiments of art, and eventually determined to 

 devote himself to his teacher's profession. But having formed an 

 attachment to a young lady, he fled with her in his twenty-first year to 

 Vienna, and there married her. The event proved the commence- 

 ment of his good fortune ; for his father-in-law not only forgave the 

 young couple, but furnished funds wherewith Schadow might proceed 

 to Italy to complete his studies. He remained at Rome from 1785 to 

 1788, chiefly occupied in the study of the antique. He then returned 

 to Berlin and soon found ample patronage. The first important work 

 executed by him after his return was the monument to Count Von 

 der Mark, natural son of Frederick William II., erected in 1790 in the 

 church of St. Dorothy at Berlin. Among other great works with which 

 his chisel has adorned Germany are the colossal statue of General 

 Zietheu in hussar's uniform ; the equestrian statue of Frederick the 

 Great at Stettin ; a life-size marble group of Queen Luise of Prussia, 

 and her sister the Duchess of Cumberland ; a statue of Duke Leopold 

 of Dessau for the Lustgarten at Berlin ; an equestrian statue of Field- 

 Marshal Blucher at Rostock; the monumental statue of Tauenstein at 

 Breslau ; that of Luther at Wittenberg ; the quadriga on the Bran- 

 denburg Gate ; and the sculpture on the Mint at Berlin : he also 

 executed a considerable number of portrait busts of his more eminent 

 countrymen. 



For many years before his death Schadow was regarded as the 

 patriarch of the modern school of sculpture in Germany : as an evidence 

 of the honour in which he was held, it deserves to be mentioned, that 

 whilst the old man still lived, the street in which he dwelt in Berlin 

 was called by his name. Schadow was one of the very first of his 

 countrymen to break through the classic conventionalisms of his 

 predecessors, and, without departing from the sober dignity of sculp- 

 turesque style, to add a more forcible expression of character, and a 

 stricter adherence to the actual model in attitude as well as in 

 drapery. His great excellence lay in portrait, and he had ample 

 opportunities of putting forth his powers. Appointed professor in the 

 Academy of the Fine Arts at Berlin some time prior to the close of 

 the 18th century, he from 1822 to his death held the office of director 

 of that institution, and among those who were successively his pupils 

 are a large proportion of the best sculptors of Germany, including 

 Rauch, Dannecker, Tieck, Zauner, &c., in most of whose works evident 

 signs of his influence may be traced. He died at Berlin January 26, 

 1850. Schadow has enriched the literature of art with the follow- 

 ing works : ' Wittenberg's Denkmaler der Bildnerei, Baukunst und 

 Malerei, mit historischen und artistischen Erlauterungen ' ('Monu- 

 ments of statuary Architecture and Painting, with historical and 

 artistic illustrations), Wittenberg, 4to, 1825 ; 'Polyklet, oder von den 

 Massen des Menschen nach dem Geschlechte und Alter, mit Angabe 

 der wirklichen Naturgrosse nach dem Rheinlandischen Zollfaden, und 

 Abhandlung von dem Unterscheide der Gesichtsziige und Kopf bilduug 

 der Volker des Erdbodens ' (' Polyklet, or the Groups of Mankind, 

 according to their Races and Periods, with an Appendix on their natural 

 Size according to the Rhenish standard, and an Essay on the Distinc- 

 tion of Features and Forms of the Head among the Peoples of the 

 Earth'), Berlin, 4 to, 1834; and 'Nationalphysiognomien oder Beobach- 

 tungen iiber den Unterschied der Gesichtsziige und die aussere Ge- 

 staltung des Menschlichen Kopfea in Umrissenbildlich dargestellt' 

 (' National Physiognomy, or Observations upon the Distinction of the 

 Features and of the external form of Human Htads, represented in 

 Typical Outlines'), Berlin, 4to, 1835. 



RUDOLF SCHADOW, his eldest son, born in 1785, early displayed a 

 decided genius in his father's art. Trained first under the immediate 

 care of his father, and then at Rome enjoying the advice and friend- 

 ship of Thorwaldsen and Can ova, and the stimulating companionship 

 of the band of young German painters, who in the early part of this 

 century set themselves with so much zeal and perseverance to the 

 task of regenerating art in their native land, Rudolf Schadow gave 



BIOQ. DIV. VOL. V. 



promise of a career of more than common success. He died however 

 before he had accomplished much at Rome on the 31st of January 

 1822. Like his father he was skilful in portrait-busts, and he executed 

 some very beautiful statues among others the well-known ' Girl 

 fastening her Sandal,' in the Glyptotbek at Munich, and the equally 

 well-known 'Filatrice,' of which there ia a duplicate at Chataworth ; 

 he also produced some excellent bas-reliefs. 



* FKIEDRICH WILHELM VON SCHADOW-GODENHAUS, the second son 

 of J. G. Scbadow, and one of the most eminent historical and portrait 

 painters of Germany, was bora at Berlin on the 6th of September 1789. 

 Left to follow the bent of hi* own strong inclination he went when 

 young to Rome, and joined himself with Veith, Schnorr, and other young 

 German art-students, to the school forming under Cornelius and Over- 

 beck, of which a notice will be found under the names of those two 

 great painters [CORNELIUS, PETER VON ; OVERBECK, FRIEDRICH]. Wil- 

 helm Schadow adopting in all their fulness the views on art propounded 

 by Friedrich Schlegel, attracted the particular notice of that eminent 

 critic, who endeavoured to bring his peculiar abilities into notice. In 

 the exhibitions of those German artists at Rome the works of Wilhelm 

 Schadow were much admired. He was one of the number of Over- 

 beck's followers who with him abjured Lutheranism and passed over 

 to the Romish Church. 



On his return to Berlin Wilhelm Schadow was appointed professor 

 in the Academy of the Fine Arts in that city, and soon gathered about 

 him numerous attached scholars. He likewise gained considerable 

 celebrity by the pictures he produced, especially by that of the Evan- 

 gelists now in the Werderschen church in Berlin. When however 

 Cornelius in 1826 removed from Diisseldorf to Munich, Schadow left 

 Berlin to succeed him as director of the Diisseldorf Academy, whither 

 his Berlin scholars followed him, and where he quickly found himself 

 at the head of a flourishing school. Here for some twenty years he 

 laboured, building up a school of art, founded like those of Overbeck 

 and Cornelius on the early Italian and German masters of religious 

 art, yet striving " to reproduce from the bosom of antiquity freh, 

 living and blooming, a new art meet for the new time," and embracing 

 in its scope genial homely subjects, and landscapes, as well as the 

 higher class of historical and poetical works. From this Diisseldorf 

 school have proceeded many of the ablest and most brilliant of living 

 German painters, including among others such men as Lessing, Hubner, 

 Hildebrandt, Schroter, &c., and high as Schadow's name stands as a 

 painter it may be questioned whether his reputation is not still higher 

 as a teacher. In acknowledgment of his service in elevating the 

 Diisseldorf AcaHemy to so distinguished a position among the art 

 academies of Europe, he was ennobled by the King of Prussia in 

 1843, when, besides the prefix Von, he added the name of his estate, 

 Godenhaus, to his family name. Von Schadow's pictures are mostly 

 found in Diiseeldorf and Berlin, but one of his best works, the ' Wise 

 and Foolish Virgins,' is in the Museum at Frankfurt-on-the-Main. 



SCHAFARIK. [SAFARIK, PAL JOZSEF.] 



SCHALCKEN, GODFRliY, was born at Dort, in 1643. His father, 

 who was rector of the college in that town, intended him for one of 

 the learned professions ; but finding that he had a decided inclination 

 to painting, he placed him under Solomon van Hoogstrateu. He was 

 afterwards for several years a pupil of Gerard Douw, whose style and 

 manner of handling he very successfully imitated in small pictures of 

 domestic scenes, chiefly represented by candlelight. After leaving 

 Douw, he attempted to elevate his style by studying the works of 

 Rembrandt, but finding himself unequal to the task, he returned to 

 his original manner, and his pictures were eagerly bought. He painted 

 in a variety of manners, but he was most eminently successful in 

 candlelight pieces. 



Some English gentlemen encouraged him to visit England, where he 

 met with great success, till he attempted portraits on a large scale, in 

 which he proved so inferior to Kneller, that he injured Ms reputation ; 

 but happily he soon became sensible of his error, and again painted 

 on a small scale. It is to be regretted that though in his pencilling 

 he is almost equal to Mieris or Vanderwerf, he is often incorrect in 

 his drawing of the figure, and he also appears to have copied his 

 objects without selection; hence in his portraits of women he was not 

 so successful as in those of men. The subjects of his male pictures 

 are well composed. On leaving England, he retired to the Hague, 

 where he practised with great success till his death in 1706. There 

 are three capital pictures by this artist in the Royal collection. 



SCHATZ, GEORGE, born at Gotha, November 1, 1763, was a 

 German writer deservedly esteemed in his day both as an original 

 writer and a critic. Being of a delicate constitution, he preferred 

 books to the society and amusements of other boys of his age ; but 

 although devoted to reading, and to a species of it seldom taken up by 

 the young, he could not submit to formal study. He therefore gained 

 little by his residence at the University of Jena, where it was intended 

 he should apply himself to jurisprudence, but he occupied himself 

 with Italian literature and poetry ; and planned a translation of Tasso, 

 and another of Macchiavelli's ' History of Florence,' which last he 

 afterwards nearly completed. The death of his father left him at 

 liberty to return to Gotha, where he thenceforth almost continually 

 resided. He now set about diligently studying almost every European 

 language and literature, in order to become acquainted with their 

 character and with the best writers and the chief productions m 



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