300 



SCHEFPER, JOHN. 



SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. 



310 



corpse of Marat.' M. Henri Scheffer obtained the second-class medal 

 of the Acaddmie in 1824 ; the first-class medal in 1831 ; at the Expo- 

 sition Universelle of 1851 he was awarded a first-class medal; and in 

 1837 he was nominated a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. 



SCHEFFER, JOHN, was born in 1621 at Strasbourg, and is said 

 to have been a descendant of Peter Sobijffer, one of the inventors of 

 the art of printing. The principal objects of his study were the 

 ancient languages and history, in both of which he made such extra- 

 ordinary progress, that iu the year 1643 he published a very learned 

 work, ' De Vurietate Navium apud Veteres,' in 4to. The frequent 

 disturbances in Alsace induced him to seek a more quiet home in a 

 foreign country, and he went to Sweden, where, in 1648 he obtained 

 a professorship in the university of Upsala. He died in 1679. 



The life of Scheffer must have been one of incessant labour ; for 

 besides a great number of ancient authors which he edited with notes 

 and emendations, such as Aelian's 'Varise Historiae,' Phaedrus, 

 Arrian's 'Tactica,' a newly discovered fragment of Petronius, 

 Aphthoniup, Hyginus, Justin, Jul. Obsequens, and others, he wrote 

 a great number of original works on various subjects, some of which 

 have not yet been superseded by other works. The following list con- 

 tains the most important among them : ' Agrippa Liberator, sive 

 Diittriba de Novis Tabulis,' 8vo, Strasb., 1645, a curious work on 

 the supposed custom of cancelling debts at Rome, in order to prevent 

 insurrections of the poor; 'De Stylo ad Consuetudinem Veterum 

 Liber Singularis,' 8vo, Upsala, 1653 ; De Militia Navali Veterum 

 Libri Quutuor,' 4to, 1654. This book also contains his earliest disser- 

 tation, ' Of the Ships of the Ancients,' in a somewhat altered form. 

 'De Antiquorum Torquibus Syntagma/ 8vo, Stockholm, 1659; a 

 new edition with notes was published at Hamburg in 1707, 8vo; 

 'De Natura et Constitutione Philosophise Italicae sou Pythagorise 

 Liber Singularis,' Upsala, 1664 (reprinted at Wittemberg in 1701); 

 ' Regnum Romanum, sive Dissertationes Politico Septem in librum 

 primuin T. Livii, quiest de Regibus Romanorum," 4to, Upsala, 1665; 

 ' Upsalia Antiqua, ouius occasione plurima in antiquitatibus borealibus 

 et gentium vicinarum explicantur,' 8vo, Upsala, 1666 ; ' Qraphice, 

 geu de Arte Pingendi Liber Singularis,' 8vo, Niirnberg, 1669 ; ' De Re 

 Vehicular! Veterum Libri Duo, accedit Pyrrhi Ligorii Fragmentum 

 ex ejus libro de familiis Romania, nunc primum editum Italice cum 

 Lat. Versione et notis,' 4to, Frankf., 1671 ; this is still the best work 

 on the subject. 'Memorabilia Sueticae Gentis,' Hamb., 1670; De 

 Fabrica Triremium Epistola;' this little work was published at 

 Eleutheropolis (Amsterdam) under the name of Constant Opelius, 

 and is a criticism on a work of Meibom on the same subject. 

 ' Lapponia, sen Gentis Regionisque Lapponics3 Descriptio accurata,' 

 4to, Frankf., 1673; 'Lectiones Academicae, seu Notse in Scriptores 

 aliquot Latinos et Graecos,' Hamb. 1675 (it was reprinted in 1698 at 

 Amsterdam, under the title 'Schefferi Miscellanea'); 'De Situ et 

 Vocabulo Upsalise, Epistola defcnsoria adversus Olaum Verelium,' 

 8vo, Stockholm, 1677 ; ' De antiquis verisque Regni Sueciae Insig- 

 nibus,' 4to, Stockholm, 1678 ; ' Suecia Literata, seu de Scriptis et 

 Scriptoribus Gentis Suecise,' Stockholm, 1680. A new edition of this 

 work, with important additions by J. Moller, was published in 1698 

 at Hamburg. In 1781 the Society for Education at Upsala proposed 

 a prize for the best eulogium on John Scheffer, and the prize was 

 awarded to that of Eric Michael Fant, which was published at 

 Stockholm in 8vo, 1783. Several of the works of Scheffer are incorpo- 

 rated in the ' Thesauri of Roman Antiquities.' 



SCHEFFER, HENRY THEOPHILUS, the grandson of the former, 

 was born at Stockholm in 1710. He studied mathematics, natural 

 history, and chemistry at Upsala, under very eminent professors of 

 this university. He afterwards established, at his own expense, a 

 laboratory in Upsala, and made a number of very useful experiments. 

 It was chiefly the analysis of such metals and plants as are used for 

 dyeing, on which he bestowed his particular attention. He was a 

 member of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, and furnished 

 mauy valuable papers which are printed in the Transactions of the 

 Academy. He also delivered a course of lectures on chemistry at 

 Stockholm, which were published in 1776, by Bergman. Scheffer died 

 in 1759. 



SCHEID, EVERARD, more generally known under his Latin name 

 SCHEIDIUS, a philologist who distinguished himself by his deep acquaint- 

 ance with the Oriental languages, was born at Arnheim in Holland, 

 in 1742. From his early youth he devoted all his time to the acqui- 

 sition of the Eastern languages, principally the Hebrew and Arabic, 

 of which he soon became a consummate master. In 1768 he was 

 appoiuted professor at the university of Harderwyck. On his removal 

 to Leyden he succeeded J. Albert Schultens in the chair of Oriental 

 languages ; though he did not long enjoy this post, for he died in 1795, 

 soon after his appointment. Besides his edition of the ' Minerva, seu 

 de Causis Linguae Latinse,' by Sanchez [SANCHEZ, FBANCISCO] Scheid 

 left several works on Eastern literature which are highly valued by 

 scholars. The following are the titles of some : ' Primse Lineae 

 Institutionum, sive Specimen Grammaticse Arabicae," 4to, Leyden, 

 1779; ' Ebn Doreydi Kassida, sive Idyllium Arabicum, cum Scholiis,' 

 4to, ibid., 1786; 'Oratio de Fontibus Literatures Arabicae,' 4to, ibid., 

 1767. He published also ' Glossarium Arabico-Latinum Manuale,' 

 4to, Leyden, 1769; being an abridgment of the large Arabic and 

 Latin lexicon by the celebrated James Golius. Scheid had projected 



a new Dutch translation of the Bible and other work*, which death 

 prevented him from executing. 



SCHEINER, CHRISTOPHER, a learned German astronomer, was 

 born at Wald near Mundelheim in Suabia, in 1575, and became a 

 member of the order of Jesuits in 1595. Having early made pro- 

 ficiency in mathematics and astronomy, he was appointed professor of 

 those sciences at Ingolstodt, and he afterwards gave instruction in 

 them at Fribourg and Rome. The principal circumstance by which 

 the life of this philosopher is distinguished is a discovery, in 1611, of 

 the spots on the sun, independent of that which had been made by 

 Galileo a few months previously. This discovery is announced in 

 three letters addressed by Scheiner to Velser.the senator of Augsburg, 

 in which the writer states that, in the beginning of the year, while 

 looking at the sun through a telescope, he perceived on ita disc some 

 dark spots ; and that in the following month of October, on repeating 

 the observations, he ascertained that the spots had a movement 

 across the disc. It appears from the same letters that P. Scheiner at 

 first thought the spots to be small planets revolving about the sun ; 

 an idea which was afterwards maintained by P. Malapertius in a work 

 published in 1627. 



An expression in a letter from Velser to Galileo puts it out of 

 doubt that the discovery made by the Italian philosopher was known 

 in Germany when the letters of Scheiner were published (1612) ; and 

 it must be further admitted that to Galileo belongs the merit of 

 having, from the first, considered the spots of the sun as adhering to 

 the disk of the luminary, and of having drawn from the regularity of 

 their motions an aigument for the rotation of the sun about its axis. 

 It is but just however to Scheiner to state that he almost immediately 

 abandoned his first hypothesis, and that we are indebted to him for 

 numerous observations on the spots, as well as of Jupiter's satellites. 

 The observations were published at Rome in 1630, in a work which, 

 from being dedicated to Prince Orsini, was entitled ' Rosa Ursina.' 



Scheiner, unfortunately for his fame as a philosopher, united him- 

 self with those persons who, at that time, opposed the hypothesis of 

 Copernicus, and he published in 1614 at Ingolstadt, a volume entitled 

 ' Disquisitiones Mathematicse,' in which he argues in favour of the 

 opinion that the earth is at rest in the centre of the universe. Besides 

 these works Scheiner published, in 1616, a treatise on gnornonics; 

 and, in 1617, a tract on celestial refraction, in which he assigns the 

 true cause of the elliptical form assumed by the disc of the sun when 

 near the horizon. He also published a treatise on optics in 1619. 

 Scheiner was the inventor of the pantograph, and he has given a 

 description of the instrument in a tract entitled 'Pantographice,' &c., 

 Rome, 1631. This distinguished Jesuit, after quitting Rome, became 

 rector of Neiss in Silesia : he gave lessons in mathematics to the arch- 

 duke Maximilian, and at length he became confessor to the archduke 

 Charles. He died of apoplexy in July 1650, leaving the character of 

 having been a man of agreeable manners as well as a laborious student. 



SCHE'LLER, J. J. G, was born in 1735 at Jhlow, a village in the 

 electorate of Saxony. He was educated at the Thomas schule of 

 Leipzig, and afterwards in the university of the same place. He 

 studied under Ernesti, and devoted himself to theology and philology. 

 In 1761 he was appointed head-master of the public school at Lubber, 

 and in 1772 to the rectorship of the gymnasium of Brieg, in which 

 office he continued until his death in 1803. 



Scheller is principally known as the author of a Latin dictionary 

 (Latin and German, and German and Latin), the first edition of which 

 was published at Leipzig, in 1783, and the second in 3 vols. 8vo, 1788. 

 The third edition, which was very much improved and enlarged, 

 appeared in 7 vols. 8vo, in 1804-5. This book was very much used at 

 the time, as it was almost the only dictionary of practical utility that 

 had been published in the German language. It has been translated 

 into Dutch (2 vols. 4to, Leyden, 1799, with a preface by Ruhnken), 

 and, some years ago, into English also. Scheller also wrote a smaller 

 Latin dictionary for the use of schools; the second (1812) and subse- 

 quent editions were revised and improved by Lunemann. Scheller's 

 other works are, 'Prsecepta Styli bene Latin i ' (a third edition of 

 which appeared in 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1797), and a Latin Grammar 

 (' Ausfiihrliche Lateinische Sprachlehre ') which went through three 

 editions, Leipzig, 1779, 1790, and 1803. This grammar is a work of 

 little value ; it has been translated into English. 



SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH, one of that 

 famous series of modern German philosophers, of which Kant, Jacobi, 

 Herbart, Fichte, and Hegel are the other chiefs, was born at Leouberg 

 in Wurtemberg, in 1775. He studied first at Tubingen, where he had 

 Hegel for his college-fellow, and where the two future rivals in 

 philosophy formed an intimate friendship. Schelling, though some- 

 what the younger man, was somewhat the older philosopher, and 

 Hegel was first indoctrinated by him in philosophy. From Tubingen, 

 Schelling went to Leipzig and Jena his attraction to Jena being 

 Fichte's philosophical lectures. He started in his philosophical career 

 as an ardent admirer and disciple of Fichte ; and it was not till 1798 

 when, on Fichte's removal from Jena, Schelling succeeded him in the 

 Philosophy chair of that university that Schelling became aware of 

 hia own differences from Fichte's system. He had already been a 

 contributor to Fichte's Jena journal ; but now, in preparing his own 

 course of lectures, he necessarily enlarged his speculations. In 1799 

 he published ' Erster Entwurf eines Systems der Naturphilosophie, 



