313 



SCHEPLER, LOUISA. 



SCHEUTZ, GEORGE AND EDWARD. 



311 



Chalybaeus in his ' Historical Development of Speculative Philosophy 

 from Kant to Hegel ' (of which there are two English translations) ; 

 or (for more popular purposes), to Mr. Morell's account of ' Speculative 

 Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century.' Information on the same 

 subject is to be obtained from Cousin ; and there is a French work 

 entitled ' Schelling ; Ecrits Philo^ophiques, et morceaux propres a 

 donner une idde generale de son Systfcme : traduits de 1'Allemand par 

 Ch. Be"nard,' 1847. This work includes Sckelling's lectures on the 

 methods of academic study ; his discourse on the philosophy of art is 

 accessible in English. (Chapman's ' Catholic Series,' 1844.) 



Apart altogether from the scientific comprehensiveness and precision 

 at which Sohelling aimed, there was much in the spirit and phraseo- 

 logy of his system in such phrases for example, as the 'rhythm of 

 the Universe,' the 'Infinite becoming finite,' the 'Immanence of 

 Deity in Nature ' to captivate poetical and enthusiastic minds. In 

 fact, the system was a species of sublime Pantheism, which accorded 

 well with the tone of German thought as affected or determined by 

 Gothe, Tieck, and other poets. But, as we have said, the system did 

 not remain satisfactory even in Germany. On the one side Hegel 

 had tried to tear it to pieces on the score of its substitution of enthu- 

 siasm and poetry for logic, and had promulgated a system which found 

 more acceptance with harder minds; on the other, the re-awakened 

 Christian zeal of German theology, complained that it was but a vague 

 pantheism, leaving no room for that 'personal God* which the 

 human soul demanded as essential to true religion, and, moreover, in 

 its identification of man with deity, contradicting those notions of sin, 

 redemption, and the like, which form the basis of Christianity. To 

 prop up his system against these attacks, or, at least, to reissue his 

 system in a form which would save it from attacks from the latter 

 quarter, was Schelling's object during the last portion of his life. 

 A summary of his 'later views' so far as they are ascertainable, will 

 be found iu Chalybseus. Suffice it here to say that, by a peculiar 

 modification of his theory of the absolute, according to which modi- 

 fication he now maintained that, though nature and Deity were iden- 

 tical, yet nature might not be and was not coextensive with all Deity, 

 that is, that the absolute might be considered as being in all objects and 

 yet as not being exhausted in all objects taken collectively, but as 

 being moreover a certain force or fund of unobjectivised will and 

 reason, Schelling imagined that he set himself right with theology 

 at all points, and emerged out of Pantheism into pure Theism, and out 

 of Rationalism into warm Christian faith. Working his new notion in 

 such phrases as that " the part of the absolute immanent in the finite 

 cannot be the whole nor the most peculiar part of Deity " and that 

 "what is immanent in nature is that in God which is least God himself," 

 he arrived at the doctrine of a ' personal God,' and also at the notions 

 of ' human imperfection,' and ' moral evil,' and so he reconciled his 

 philosophy with the Christian scheme of the world's history as a fall 

 from good and a divine recovery. 



SCHEPLER, LOUISA. [OBERLIN, J. P.] 



SCHEUFFELIN or SCHAEUFFELEIN, HANS LEONARD, com- 

 monly called Hans Scheuffelin, a very celebrated old German painter 

 and wood-engraver, was born at N urn berg about 1490. His father 

 Franz Scheuffelin was a merchant of Nordlingea who settled in Nurn- 

 berg. Young Hans was placed with Albert Durer, with whom he was 

 a great favourite. He remained in Niirnberg until 1515, when he 

 removed to Nordlingen, where he died in 1539 or 1540 ; probably the 

 former year, as his widow was married agaiu in 1540 to the painter 

 Hans Schwarz. There are several of Scheuffelin's paintings in Nord- 

 lingen, of which the principal is the Taking down from the Cross in 

 the church of St. George ; it is a picture with two revolving wings, 

 and was painted in 1521. There are several good paintings by Scheuf- 

 felin also in Niirnberg, Tubingen, Stuttgart, Oberdorf, and other 

 neighbouring places; and there are some in the galleries of Munich 

 and Berlin. 



There are also many woodcuts by Scheuffelin, and both woodcuts 

 and pictures are sometimes attributed to Albert Durer, to whom how- 

 ever Scheuffelin was inferior in all respects. 



* SCHEUTZ, GEORGE, the father, and SCHEUTZ, EDWARD, the 

 son, the producers of the second independent invention of a machine 

 for calculating mathematical tables by the method of differences, and 

 printing the computed results ; the history of which, whether it be 

 viewed under a moral, an intellectual, or an economical point of view, 

 is almost equally remarkable, and has bearings also on the history of 

 science of a very interesting and instructive kind. 



MR. GEORGE SCHEUTZ, a printer at Stockholm, who has published 

 many useful works in the Swedish language relating to industrial 

 progress, was in the year 1834 the editor of a technological journal, 

 also published in that city ; but the reputation which he acquired in 

 his own country from these works has been superseded by the far 

 wider celebrity founded on the invention just alluded to. Mr. Babbage 

 [BABBAGE, CHARLES] was the first person who conceived the idea of 

 performing mechanically all the systems of additions of differences 

 which are required in the calculation of mathematical tables. A full 

 account of the principles and action of the ' Difference Engine' which 

 he constructed to realise this idea, but without any details of its 

 mechanism, appeared in the ' Edinburgh Review ' for July 1834 from 

 the pen of Dr. Larduer, who had also given lectures on the subject at 

 the Royal Institution, the London Institution, and probably at others. 



From the perusal of that article Mr. George Scheutz derived the first 

 conception of constructing a machine for effecting the same purpose aa 

 that of Mr. Babbage, and on the same fundamental principle the 

 method of differences. Unfortunately in one respect for himself, Mr. 

 Scheutz was fascinated by the subject, and impelled by an irresistible 

 desire to construct such an engine. After he had satisfied himself of 

 the practicability of the scheme by constructing various provisional 

 models, he postponed to a future period its further prosecution. Three 

 years afterwards, in the summer of 1837, his BOD, MB. EDWARD SCHEUTZ, 

 at that time a student in the Royal Technological Institute or School 

 at Stockholm, where he afterwards completed his studies with great 

 credit, anxious to assist his father in this difficult task, abandoned for 

 that purpose the career he had previously chosen, and proposed to 

 construct a working model in metal. In thia he succeeded, so far as 

 to demonstrate the feasibility of the design and the applicability of the 

 engine to the practical purposes for which it was intended. Mr. George 

 Scheutz, who had expended a large portion of his fortune on the effort, 

 now determined to apply to the Swedish government for its sanction 

 and assistance ; but after a silence of nearly four months a negative 

 answer was returned. He recommenced his experiments however with 

 renewed energy, expending on them all the remaining Havings of an 

 industrious life, as well as the whole of the time he could snatch from 

 the labours on which the support of his family depended. The father 

 and son continued to work together for several years, and " after many 

 trials and many alterations the calculating apparatus was in the year 

 1840 so far completed, that it correctly calculated series with terms 

 of five figures and me difference, also of five figures. On the 29th of 

 April 1842 the model was extended so as to calculate similar series 

 with two and three orders of differences." In the following year it 

 was submitted to the inspection of the Royal Swedish Academy of 

 Sciences, and on the 18th of September a certificate of its efficiency 

 was obtained, signed by the late Baron Berzelius [BERZELIUS, or 

 BERZEL, JONS JACOB], secretary; by Selander, the astronomer; and by 

 G. B. Lilliehook, R.N., professor of Natural Philosophy in the Royal 

 Military Academy at Marieberg. 



The inventors now sought for orders in various countries, making 

 use of the certificate as a recommendation; but, meeting with no 

 success, " the model remained shut up in its case during the ensuing 

 seven years [!] . . . The severe economy they had been compelled to 

 use in the purchase of materials and tools, and probably the absence 

 in Sweden of those precious but expensive machine-tools which con- 

 stitute the power of modern workshops, rendered this new model 

 unsatisfactory in its operations, although perfectly correct in principle. 

 . . . Exhausted by the sacrifices thus made, yet convinced that with 

 better workmanship a more perfect instrument was within their reach," 

 and a committee of the Academy of Sciences having made another 

 inspection of the model, Mr. George Scheutz, at the beginning of 1851, 

 again applied to the government to obtain the means of carrying the 

 plan into full execution, " by the construction of a larger and still 

 more improved machine." The application was first referred to the 

 Academy, whose advice was favourable ; but the decision was, that 

 there were no public funds at the disposal of the government for the 

 object in question. In the diet of the same year however Mr. A. M. 

 Brinck, a merchant, member for Stockholm, moved that a national 

 recompense should be given to the inventors, which was at length 

 acceded to, " on condition that the money was to be refunded if the 

 machine was not completed before the end of the [apparently the 

 financial] year 1853 ; or if, when completed, it was not found to answer 

 its purpose." The amount thus accorded was the moderate sum of 

 5000 rix dollars, or about 280Z. sterling. The conditions of the grant 

 obliged the inventors to procure, in the first instance, a guarantee for 

 its repayment in case of failure. Fifteen gentlemen, some of them 

 members of the Academy, agreed to divide this responsibility among 

 themselves ; and a portion of the necessary means having been thus 

 secured, and the inventors having pledged their own credit for the 

 remainder, the new machine was constructed, in conformity with the 

 drawings of Mr. E. Scheutz, and under his superintendence, at the 

 manufactory of Mr. C. W. Bergstrom, at Stockholm. It excelled its 

 predecessor by its range, including not only the denary scale, but also 

 that mixture of the denary and senary scales which is requisite in 

 tabulating degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds, and by an amend- 

 ment in the printing apparatus. These improvements had been sug- 

 gested by General Baron Fabian Wrede, chief of the Royal Military 

 Academy of Marieberg, a member of the Academy of Sciences, and 

 one of the most zealous promoters of the undertaking. 



The Academy of Sciences now represented that the expenditure 

 incuired by Messrs. Scheutz had far exceeded the sum awarded as the 

 national recompense, upon which the Diet awarded a second sum of 

 the same amount, 280. During the last months of 1854 the inventors 

 visited England and France, bringing with them from Stockholm the 

 result of their persevering labours. Through Mr. William Gravatt, 

 C.E., F.R.S., it was made known to some of the officers and leading 

 fellows of the Royal Society of London, and was removed to the 

 apartments of the Society at Somerset-House, where it was worked 

 and its mechanism explained to the fellows of the society and other 

 visitors. A committee consisting of Professor Stokes, Sec. R.S., Pro- 

 fessor W. H. Miller [MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWS], Professor Wheat- 

 stone, and Professor the Rev. R. Willis, was appointed by the council 



