329 



SCHLOSSER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH. 



SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLIEB. 



330 



theological works which are of a scientific character ; the second (also 

 called ' Zur Theologie ') contains his sermons, in four volumes ; the 

 third (called ' Zur Pbilosophie ') contains his philosophical works, in 

 five volumes. The works which Schleiermacher left in MS. were 

 edited by Zabel, Berlin, 1835, 2 vols. 8vo. 



Schleiermacher was equally great as a theologian, a philologer, a 

 critic, an orator, and a translator ; and the influence which his writings 

 had on the intellectual part of Germany was and is still exceedingly 

 great, but it was far surpassed by that which his oral instruction, and 

 the purity, piety, and sanctity of his personal character exercised over 

 those who had the happiness to live near him. Our space does not 

 allow us to enter into an examination of his theological system, which 

 is most amply explained in his 'Der Christliche Glaube.' It maybe 

 sufficient here to state, that he neither belonged to the old superstitious 

 and word-splitting school, nor to the modern Pietists or Rationalists. 



*SCHLOSSER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH, was born at Jever, in 

 the lordship of Kniphaueen, on the 17th November, 1776, the 

 youngest child of a numerous family. On the early death of his 

 father he was taken by a relative and educated in the country, where 

 at the village school he read many travels and geographical descrip- 

 tions. He afterwards attended the gymnasium at Jever, and in 1793 

 proceeded to the University of Gottingen, where, together with theology, 

 he studied history, physics, and mathematics, and subsequently the 

 literature of Italy, Spain, and England. On leaving the university he 

 became tutor to the children of Count von Bentinck, the sovereign 

 lord of Kniphausen, and while in this situation he diligently studied 

 philosophy, particularly Plato and Kant. In 1798 for six months he 

 acted as substitute or curate for a village preacher, but as he did not 

 succeed in getting any other appointment, he resumed his former 

 occupation of teacher, first at Altona, and then at Frankfurt-am-Main. 

 While so employed he continued to pay attention to literature. In 

 1807 he published, at Gotha, ' Abiilard und Dulcin.' In 1808 he was 

 appointed con-rector of the school at Jever, a post which he resigned in 

 the following year because it interrupted his historical studies, and in 

 the same year he published his ' Leben Beza's und des Peter Martyr 

 Vermili.' He then settled at Frankfurt-am-Main, gave lessons at the 

 Gymnasium, and laboured at his ' Geschichte der bilderstiirmenden 

 Kaiser des ostromische Reichs ' (' History of the Iconoclast Emperors 

 of the Eastern Empire'), which was published at Frankfurt in 1812. 

 The work established his reputation, and the Prince Primate of the 

 Confederation of the Rhine made him professor of the newly-established 

 Lyceum at Frankfurt. On its suppression in 1814 he was elected city 

 librarian. In 1817 he was called to the University of Heidelberg, in 

 the duchy of Baden, as professor of history, and here he had also at 

 first the management of the library, which after a few years he 

 resigned. In the same year he commenced publishing his ' Weltge- 

 schichte in zuzammenhangender Erzahluug ' (' History of the World in 

 a connected relation '), of which eight parts, forming four volumes, 

 were published between that date and 1841. In 1822 he made a 

 journey to Paris to collect materials for his history, and in 1823, urged, 

 he says, by representations from many quarters, he left the completion 

 of his larger work, and published in two volumes the ' Geschichte des 

 18 Jahrhunderts ' ('History of the Eighteenth Century'), subse- 

 quently enlarged in later editions to 'Geschichte des 18 Jahrhunderts, 

 und des 19 bis zum Sturz des Franzosische Kaiserreichs ' (' History of 

 the Eighteenth Century, and the Nineteenth, till the fall of the French 

 Empire ') in 6 vols., published between 1843-46. These are his most 

 important works. In range of view and extent of knowledge, in the 

 thorough command of his materials, in insight into character, and in 

 power of expression, he ranks with the best of modern historians. In 

 his history of the eighteenth century his acquaintance with and his 

 judgment of the literature of England is remarkable for its depth 

 and its general correctness, and his sketches of the political characters 

 and parties are distinguished by their vigour and impartiality. An 

 English translation of this work has been published in 7 volumes, 

 under the title of 'History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth 

 Centuries.' In 1824 he was rewarded with the title of counsellor, and 

 shortly after of privy counsellor. His other works have been 

 ' Universal-historische Uebersicht der Geschichte der alten Welt und 

 ihrer Cultur ' ('Universal historical abstract of the history of the ancient 

 World and its civilisation'), in 3 volumes, 1726 34 ; 'Zur Beurthei- 

 lung Napoleon's und seiner neuesten Tadler und Lobredner, besonders 

 in Beziehung auf die Zeit von 1810 13 ' (' Critical Examination of 

 Napoleon, and of his latest censurer and eulogiser, especially with 

 reference to the period from 1810 to 1813'), 1832-5. He also, in con- 

 iunction with Kriegk published ' Weltgeschichte fur das deutsche 

 Volk' ('A History of the World for the German People'), 1844-6, and, 

 with Bercht in 1830 the 'Archivfiir Geschichte und Literatur.' 



SHLOZER, AUGUST LUDWIG VON, was born on the 5th of 

 July 1737, at Jagstadt on the Jaxt, in the principality of Hohenlohe- 

 Kirchberg. His father died very early, but the boy received a good 

 education, and in 1751 was sent to the university of Wittemberg to 

 study theology. Here he conceived a most ardent wish to travel into 

 Asia, and for this purpose he began the study of Oriental languages. 

 In 1754 hs went to Gottingen, where he continued the study of 

 theology for two years, at the end of which time he engaged himself 

 as tutor to a Swedish family, with which he went to Sweden. He 

 spent three years and a half partly at Stockholm, and partly at Upsala. 



Although theology had been his principal study, Schlozer opened 

 hia literary career with a ' History of Commerce,' in Swedish (' Ver- 

 such einer Haudelsgeschichte,' Stockholm, 1758), and history hence- 

 forth became hia favourite pursuit. In 1759 he returned to Gottingen, 

 and now began seriously to prepare himself for his journey to Asia 

 by intense application to the Eastern languages and to the study of 

 medicine. But in 1761, Miiller, the historiographer of the Russian 

 empire, offered him the place of tutor to hia family, and of a literary 

 assistant in his own pursuits, at the same time holding out to Schlozer 

 the hope of obtaining a professorship in the academy of St. Petersburg, 

 and the support of the government for his intended journey. These 

 hopes induced Schlozer to accept the offer. On his arrival in St. 

 Petersburg he immediately began to study the Russian language and 

 the history of the empire ; but his great progress provoked the jealousy 

 of his principal, and rendered the situation of Schlozer very unplea- 

 sant. In 1762 Schlozer was made adjunctus to the academy and 

 teacher in a public establishment, which induced him to quit his place 

 in the house of Miiller, who now became his avowed opponent. 

 Michaelis of Gottingen, in the meanwhile, had not forgotten his young 

 friend, and it was through his influence that in 1764 a professorship 

 in the university of Gottingen was offered to him. Schlozer would 

 have gladly accepted it, but his adversary contrived to induce the 

 Russian government to refuse him permission to leave the country. 

 After many negociations he was however, in 1765, appointed professor 

 of Russian history to the academy of St. Petersburg, and he also 

 obtained leave of absence for three months to visit his native country. 

 He returned to St. Petersburg, but only remained there two years 

 longer, after which, in 1767, he was invited to the university of Gottin- 

 gen, as professor of political science. Here he commenced a new and 

 very active life, and wrote several historical works, some of which 

 still rank among the best in the German language. His style is 

 interesting, but sometimes rather coarse and without taste. His 

 lectures on history, political science, statistics, and other subjects were 

 heard with great admiration. At the age of seventy he withdrew 

 from his office ; in 1804 he was raised by the Emperor of Russia to 

 the rank of a nobleman and received the title of privy councillor of 

 justice. He died on the 9th of September, 1809. His Life has been 

 written by his son, Christian von Schlozer, under the title of ' A. L. 

 von Schlozer' a Oeffentliches und Privatleben, aus Originalurkunden,' 

 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1828. 



The works of Schlozer are partly historical and partly political. 

 Among the former are, a ' General History of the North ' (' Allgemeine 

 Nordische Geschichte,' 2 vols. 8vo, Halle, 1772) ; a German translation 

 of Nestor's 'Chronicle' down to the year 980, Gottingen, 1802-9; 

 ' Weltgeschichte im Auszug und Zusammenhange,' 2 vols. 8vo, Gottin- 

 gen, 1792-1802; ' Vorbereitung zur Weltgeschichte fur Kinder,' a fifth 

 edition of which appeared at Gottingen, 1800. As a political writer 

 Schlozer had great influence in Germany. His views are laid down in 

 his correspondence (' Briefwechsel ') which he published at Gottingen in 

 10 vols. 8vo, 1779-82, and in a political journal called ' Staatsaozeigen,' 

 which he edited from 1782 till 1793, in 18 vols. The main object 

 of this last publication was to expose the evils and abuses in the 

 administration of the various states of Germany. 



SCHNEIDER, CONRAD VICTOR, was born at Bitterfield in 

 Saxony, in 1610, and died in 1680 at Wiirtemberg, where he bad 

 been for many years professor of medicine and physician to the 

 elector. He appears to have been a very learned man, and to have 

 possessed much skill and industry in forming compilations from the 

 writings of other physicians. His works are very numerous : the 

 most important is that entitled ' De Catarrhis' (Witteb., 1660), 

 which consists of six books, devoted chiefly to an anatomical descrip- 

 tion of the cavities of the nose, and to the refutation of the ancient 

 and generally received opinion that the mucus in a catarrh flows from 

 the brain through apertures in the ethmoid bone into the nose and 

 to the fauces. In this refutation it may be easily believed that he 

 was successful ; for the most superficial examination of the parts is 

 sufficient to prove that such a passage of fluid is impossible, and that 

 there are no holes in the skull which are not accurately closed by 

 membranes, nerves, &c. In Schneider's time however the general 

 reception of a different opinion must have rendered some intellectual 

 energy necessary for the establishment of even so obvious a fact as 

 this; and he has therefore been justly rewarded by the name of 

 Schneiderian membrane having been siuce appropriated to that lining 

 of the cavities of the nose of which he was the first to describe the 

 structure and some of the functions. 



SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLIEB, was born on the 18th of 

 January, 1750, in the village of Kolm, near Wurzen, in Saxony, 

 from which circumstance, in the title-page of all his works, he added 

 to his name the epithet of 'Saxo.' His father was a poor village 

 mason, and could do nothing for the education of his son. At the 

 age of four years the boy was received into the house of an uncle, 

 who was in better circumstances, and afterwards sent him to the 

 public school of Schul-Pforte. Here he was subjected to a stricter 

 discipline than he had been accustomed to, and his unwillingness to 

 submit to it nearly brought upon him the disgrace of being seut away. 

 The threat however roused his energies and ambition, and from this 

 moment he began with the most unwearied diligence to study the 

 ancient languages, which there formed the only subjects of instruction. 



