333 



SCHNUBREK, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH. 



8CHOMBERG, ARMAND FREDERIC DE. 



334 



been reprinted in London from the original wood-blocks, and though 

 iiioro suited to the taste of Germans than ordinary English Bible- 

 readers have met with a large sale. They exhibit wonderful anima- 

 tion, variety, and power, though like most of Schnorr's works most 

 successful in passages admitting of somewhat exaggerated expression 

 and action. Schnorr has also made the designs for an illustrated 

 edition of the Nibelungen published in 1843, but ho is seen to a dis- 

 advantage in designs of so small a size. An elder brother LUDWIO 

 SCHNORR, born in 1789, also acquired considerable notice in early 

 life by a large altar-piece of St. Cecilia, a Faust, and some other 

 pictures, but he scarcely maintained the position his early success 

 promised. He settled at Vienna where he painted many portraits, as 

 well as various historical and genre pictures. 



SCHNURRER, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, was born October 28, 

 1742, at Canstadt in Wiirtemberg. He studied at Tubingen, where, 

 in 1702, he began his career as an academical teacher. Four years 

 later he went to Gb'ttingen, and afterwards made a journey through 

 Holland, England, and France. On his return, in 1770, he was 

 appointed professor of philosophy at Tubingen, where he subsequently 

 lectured on the Greek and Oriental languages. For some time he 

 was ephorus of the theological faculty, and in 1805 he was appointed 

 chancellor of the university. After the French were driven from 

 Germany, Schnurrer became a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 

 Wurtemberg, and although his official position prevented him from 

 joining either party, he was always an advocate of liberal principles, 

 and was from the first opposed to the design of the government to 

 restore the constitution of Wuttemberg as it had been previous to the 

 year 1806. In 1817 the king of Wurtemberg, in accordance with 

 the promise made at the Congress of Vienna, gave a new constitution 

 to his kingdom, and on this occasion Schnurrer declared that he would 

 willingly vote for its acceptance, provided the king would introduce 

 it in the form of a contract between himself and his subjects. In con- 

 sequence of this boldness Schuurrer was deprived of his office, though 

 two years afterwards the government was obliged to adopt the plan 

 proposed by him. After his dismissal Schnurrer sold that part of his 

 extensive library which consisted of Arabic literature, and which he 

 had chiefly collected during his stay in England, to Mr. Knatchbull. 

 Schnurrer died on the 10th of November 1822. 



Schnurrer was a man of great and accurate learning, especially in 

 Oriental literature, but his official duties pi-evented him from pro- 

 ducing many great works. His writings, though numerous, are mostly 

 small dissertations on historical and theological subjects, written on 

 various occasions and in programs. From the year 1793 he took an 

 active part in a literary journal called ' Tiibinger Literarische Nach- 

 richten.' His ' Bibliotheca Arabica,' the last edition of which appeared 

 at Halle, 1811, is a work of great learning and diligence. His ' Ora- 

 tionum Acadeinicarum Delectus Posthumus,' was edited by Paulus, 

 Tubingen, 1828. The Life of Schnurrer has been written by Weber, 

 under the title of ' C. F. Schnurrers Leben, Charakter, und Verdienste," 

 Canstadt, 1823. 



SCHOFFER, PETER, though commonly called one of the inventors 

 of printing, appears to have been rather one of its first material 

 improvers. He was born at Gernsheim in Hesse-Darmstadt, and is 

 said in early life to have worked as a copyist in Paris. Soon after the 

 commencement of the partnership between Gutenberg and Fust, 

 Schoffer appears to have repaired to Mainz, and to have been employed 

 by them. In the account given by Trithemius [GUTENBERG], he is 

 stated to have " discovered the more easy method of casting the types." 

 Gutenberg however must have cast types, and Schoffer's improvement 

 was that of cutting punches, by which greater symmetry in the type 

 was attained, and a correct reproduction of the matrices secured. 

 The extent of Schoffer's share in the discovery or improvement of 

 printing has been discussed in Dahl's ' P. Schoffer von Gernsheim, 

 Miterfinder der Buchdruckerkunst,' 1814, followed in 1832 by 'Die 

 Buchdruckerkunat, erfunden von Johann Gutenberg, verbessert uud 

 zur Volkommenheit gebraeht durch Peter Schoffer von Gernsheim ;' 

 and in ' P. H. Kuelb's ' Peter Schoffer, der Vollender der Buchdrucker- 

 kunst,' published in 1836. After Fust and Gutenberg had separated in 

 1455, Schoffer became a partner with Fust, whose daughter he married. 

 His name appears with Fust's at the end of the Psalter of 1457, and 

 they continued to print jointly till Fust's death in 1466. The list of 

 their books has been already given in a former volume 1 : [Fusx.] 



The list of books printed by Schoffer alone after Fust's death is a 

 long one. It will be found in Panzer's ' Annals,' vol. ii., 4to, Norimb., 

 17,94, p. 117-136, with an enumeration of other works supposed to 

 be his by the type, but without his name. Among those certainly 

 known as his, are, the 'Secunda Secundse ' of S. Thomas Aquinas; 

 and the second edition of the 'Constitutions of Clement V.', 1467; 

 the 'Institutions of Justinian,' 1468; St. Thomas Aquinas's 'Com- 

 mentary on Peter Lombard,' fol., 1469; the second edition of the 

 'Sixth Book of the Decretals of Pope Boniface VIII. ;' 'Biblia Latina,' 

 2 vols. fol., 1472 ; and ' Herbarium, cum Herbarum Figuris,' 4to, 1484. 

 His last work of all was a Latin Psalter, fol., 1502 ; in which year he 

 is supposed to have died. He had three sons, all printers, of whom 

 the eldest, John Schoffer, succeeded him in his business ; his name 

 appears alone as the printer of ' Mercurius Trismegistus,' in 1503, and 

 of many subsequent works, and he is known to have practised his art 

 as late as 1533. 



We may notice here that the account of the donation by Gutenberg 

 of certain books to the convent of St. Clare, stated to be contained in 

 a deed in possession of the University of Mainz, is now known to have 

 been a forgery. 



SCHOLEFIELD, REV. JAMES, M.A., was born November 15, 

 1789, at Henley -on -Thames, Oxfordshire. His father, Nathaniel 

 Scholefield, was minister of the Independent Dissenters' chapel, in 

 that town. He was educated in the school of Christ's Hospital, 

 London, became a Grecian there, and obtained several prizes. He was 

 entered of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1809. Having been elected 

 Scholar in 1812, he in that year obtained the Craven University 

 Scholarship. He took holy orders in October 1813, by special permis- 

 sion, before he had taken his degree of B.A. Soon afterward?, on 

 proceeding to his degree, he attained the place of Senior Chancellor's 

 Medallist, and was first in the list of Senior Optimea. About the same 

 time he became curate to Mr. Simeon, of Trinity Church, Cambridge. 

 In October 1815, he was elected a Fellow of Trinity College. Having 

 taken his degree of M.A., he obtained in July 1823, by presentation of 

 his college, the perpetual curacy of St. Michael's, Cambridge, where 

 for thirty years he performed the duties of his sacred office with 

 unwearied zeal and assiduity. On the death of Mr. Dobree, he waa 

 elected, October 22, 1825, Regius Professor of Greek in the University 

 of Cambridge. In 1827 he married, and in the same year he com- 

 menced the courses of lectures on the principal Greek authors, which, 

 with few interruptions, he continued for a quarter of a century. 

 In the Lent Term of each year he delivered lectures on uEschylus, 

 Plato, Aristophanes, Thucydides, Sophocles, Demosthenes, and Pindar, 

 returning to each, OL. an average, once in seven yeara. In 1844 he 

 made a tour in Scotland, and he visited that country three times after- 

 wards. On the llth of November 1849 the church of St Michael waa 

 burnt down. On the following day Dr. French, canon of Ely, died, 

 and Mr. Scholefield succeeded him in the canonry, the preferment 

 being attached to the Regius Professorship of Greek. St. Michael's 

 church was rebuilt, and was re-opened January 11, 1852. Professor 

 Scholefield's health however had been failing for some time, and he was 

 ordered by his medical adviser to refrain from preaching, and take 

 rest in some healthful and pleasant place. For that purpose he retired 

 to Hastings, on the coast of Sussex, and there died, April 4, 1853. 

 He was buried at Fairlight, near Hastings. 



Professor Scholefield's principal literary publications are as follows. 

 In 1826 he published a new edition of Person's Four Tragedies of 

 Euripides; in 1828 an edition of Middleton's ' Treatise on the Greek 

 Article ;' an edition of ^Eschylus, with notes critical and explanatory ; 

 and a new edition of Bishop Leighton's ' Prselectioues." His next work 

 was ' Petri Pauli Dobree Adversaria,' containing Dobree's notes on the 

 Greek historians, philosophers, and minor orators, of which Part I. 

 was published January 1831 ; Part II. November 1831 ; and Part III. 

 January 1833. In 1832 he published 'Hints for an Improved Trans- 

 lation of the New Testament/ and in 1834 an edition of the New 

 Testament, in which the original Greek and authorised English version 

 are printed in parallel columns. In 1843 he published an edition of 

 the 'Eumenides' of ^Eschylus. Several of his sermons have been 

 published in a separate form. 



(Memoirs of the Rev. James Schohfield, M.A., late of Trinity College, 

 Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge, Perpetual 

 Curate of St. Michael's, and Canon of Ely, by his Widow, with Notes on 

 his Literary Character by the Rev. William Selwyn, M.A., Canon of 

 Ely, 8vo, 1855.) 



SCHOLZ, JOHANN MATTHIAS AUGUST, was born at Kaps- 

 dorf near Breslau in Prussian Silesia on February 8, 1794. He re- 

 ceived his early education in the Roman Catholic gymnasium of 

 Breslau, in 1812 entered the university there where he studied theology 

 and philology; and in 1814 gained a prize in the Roman Catholic 

 theological faculty for his essay on the Parable of the Vineyard. 

 Shortly afterwards he commenced his critical labours on the text of 

 the New Testament, and with this object after ho had for two years 

 availed himself of the materials in the library of Vienna, in 1817-19 

 he visited Paris and London, Switzerland and Italy. In 1820, im- 

 mediately after being appointed professor extraordinary of theology 

 at Bonn, he joined the expedition under Minutoli for the explora- 

 tion of Egypt and the neighbouring countries. The travellers disagreed 

 and parted, but Scholz journeyed through Egypt, Palestine, and Syria_ 

 for four months, when he returned to Trieste. At Breslau in 1821 he 

 took priest's orders, exercised his functions at Bonn, and in 1823 was 

 made professor of theology in the university and a canon of the 

 cathedral. He died in November 1852. Among his principal works 

 we may mention 'Reise in die Gegend zwischen Alexandrien und 

 Pariitonium, die libysche Wiiste, Siwa, Agypten, Palastina, und Syrien, 

 in den Jahren 1820 und 1821,' which was a selection from his diary, 

 and was published in 1822. In 1825 he issued at Bonn his ' Commen- 

 tatio de Golgathse et Jcsu Christi Sepulcri situ,' in 1834 his ' Hand- 

 buch der biblischen Archaologie/ and in 1830 and 1835, the great 

 object of his studies, the text of the New Testament, under the title 

 of ' Novum Testamentum Grsece,' in two volumes. Scholz's excel- 

 lence as a philologist has been generally acknowledged, and his labours 

 are held in high estimation. 



SCHOMBERG, ARMAND FREDERIC DE, was of German 

 family, but born of an English mother, of the house of Dudley, in 



