335 



SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY ROWE. 



or about 1619. Bred a soldier, he began his career in the Swedish 

 army, during the Thirty Years' war, and was punished by the 

 emperor for the part which he took by confiscation of his property. 

 He then entered the service of the Netherlands, and afterwards that 

 of France, in wHich, from 1650 to 1685, he led an active and dis- 

 tinguished life, and rose to the rank of marshal. In 1685, the revo- 

 cation of the edict of Nantes drove him, with many other of the 

 best and most useful subjects of France, to seek liberty of conscience 

 in another country ; and he betook himself first to the service of 

 Portugal, then to that of the Elector of Brandenburg, and lastly to 

 that of the Prince of Orange, when about to make his descent upon 

 England in 1688. In our own country the course of events gave little 

 opportunity for the exercise of military talent. Schomberg was sent 

 to Ireland in 1689, as commander-in-cbief; where, during ten 

 months, his successes fell short of the expectation raised by his high 

 reputation. Age perhaps had made him over-cautious. He was 

 killed July 1, 1690, by a pistol-shot, at the battle of the Boyne, 

 while gallantly leading a regiment of French Protestants across the 

 river. 



'SCHOMBURGK, ROBERT HERMANN, KNIGHT, son of the Rev. 

 John Frederick Lewis Schomburgk, a German Protestant minister in 

 Thuringia, was born in 1804. From his early years he has been 

 devoted to geographical science and to the study of natural history. 

 In 1831 he was sent out to the West Indies to survey the island of 

 Anegada, one of the Virgin Islands, surrounded by coral reefs, on 

 which many shipwrecks had occurred. In 1835 he undertook a mission 

 from the Royal Geographical Society of London to explore the interior 

 of Guiana. His researches were carried on in the face of difficulties 

 of a very formidable character, but he succeeded in tracing the more 

 important rivers and in exploring the interior of the country, so as to 

 be able to describe in a far more satisfactory manner than had been 

 hitherto done the physical features, geology, and natural history of 

 Guiana; much indeed being for the first time made known to the 

 scientific world. It was during this exploratory journey that Mr. 

 Schomburgk in making his way up the Berbice River discovered, 

 January 1, 1837, the Victoria Regia water lily, the most magnificent 

 aquatic plant known to exist : he communicated an account of his 

 discovery to the London Botanical Society, where it was read Septem- 

 ber 7 r 1837. The plant itself we need hardly say has been made a 

 denizen of the great public and private conservatories of this country. 

 Full accounts of his journeys in Guiana were communicated during 

 their progress to the Royal Geographical Society, and published in the 

 ' Journal' of that society, and much of their substance was afterwards 

 embodied in his work on British Guiana. On his return to England 

 in 1839 Mr. Schomburgk received the gold medal of the Royal Geogra- 

 phical Society for his ' Travels and Researches during the years 1835-39 

 in the Colony of British Guiana, and in the adjacent parts of South 

 America.' In the following year, 1840, he was sent by the British 

 government to make a survey of British Guiana. Having success- 

 fully accomplished this object he was knighted on his return. He 

 published shortly after a very valuable account of the country under 

 the title of ' A Description of British Guiana.' He also published a 

 series of ' Views in the Interior of Guiana.' In 1847 Sir R. H. Schom- 

 burgk published a very elaborate ' History of Barbadoes,' a work of 

 great research and value. In 1848 he was appointed British consul 

 to the republic of St. Domingo, which post he still occupies. 



Sir Robert has continued to pursue in San Domingo his scientific 

 labours, and the results have been at intervals communicated to the 

 Geographical and other societies. One of his very valuable papers 

 deserves to be specially mentioned, an account of his investigation 

 of the physical geography, &c., of the ' Peninsula and Bay of Samanst in 

 the Dominican Republic,' which he communicated to the foreign office, 

 and which was printed in the 'Journal of the Royal Geographical 

 Society,' vol. xxiii., 1853. Sir R. H. Schomburgk enjoys a European 

 reputation, as is evinced by the honours he has received from various 

 courts and learned societies : he was nominated a knight of the 

 Prussian order of the Red Eagle in 1840 ; of the Saxon order of Merit 

 in 1845 ; and a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1847 ; he was 

 created Doctor of Philosophy by the University of Konigsberg, and 

 he has been elected an honorary member of several of the learned 

 societies of Europe and America. 



SCHON or SCHONGAUER, MARTIN, one of the most celebrated 

 of the early German painters and engravers, was, according to 

 recent discoveries, born at Ulm of a family which produced many 

 artists in the early part of the 15th century ; his name occurs in 

 Ulm documents from 1441 to 1461. The inscription therefore upon 

 the back of his portrait in the gallery at Munich, though probably 

 authentic, is apparently erroneous. He settled about 1461 atColmar, 

 and di. d there in 1486 (Sandrart, Nagler). 



Martin appears to have been chiefly an engraver in his youth, and 

 to have devoted his attention principally to painting after a visit to 

 the Netherlands, where he became acquainted with the excellent 

 works of the Van Eycks and their scholars. He probably resided 

 some time at Antwerp, as he was sometimes called by the Italians 

 Martino d'Anversa ; and from, a letter of Lambertus Lombardus to 

 Vasari dated April 27, 1565, and published by Gaye in his Carteggio 

 Inedito d'Artisti, iii. 177, it is supposed that he studied under Roger 

 van Bruges, now from good evidence considered to be the painter 



of the portable altar of Charles V., which has been hitherto 

 attributed to Memling. 



The best works of Martin Schon are still at Colmar in the college 

 library, but there are many which are attributed to him hi the collec- 

 tions of Munich, Vienna, Nurnberg, and Schleissheim, and in other 

 places, as Ulm, "Stuttgart, Basel, Berlin, &c. His pictures are in all 

 respects similar to those of other pupils of the Van Eyck school, but 

 are inferior in colour to those of his master Roger van Bruges ; they 

 are notwithstanding among the best works of their style. Many of 

 the pictures of an inferior painter, Martin Schaffner, have been and 

 still are ascribed to Martin Schon. None of his pictures are signed 

 with either a name or a monogram, but his prints are generally 

 marked with a monogram. 



Schon's prints, though crude in light and shade, are among the beat 

 of the early productions of the Germans in this class. Bartsch enu- 

 merates and describes 116. Seventeen others bear his monogram, but 

 are supposed not to be by him ; and twelve very doubtful prints are 

 enumerated by Heineken : the list is reprinted in Nagler's ' Kiinstler 

 Lexicon.' Schon, which in German signifies excellent and beautiful, 

 is supposed to be a nickname of this artist, whose real name was 

 Schongauer; he was formerly called Hxibsch Martin by the Germans, 

 and Bel Martino and Buon Martino by the Italians. There was an 

 earlier painter and wood engraver of the name of Martin Hchoen at 

 Ulm, who was active from 1394 until 1416. Some of his works still 

 exist, but they are in a ruinous condition. 



(Sandrart, Deutscte Academic, &c. ; Bartsch, Peintre Graveur ; 

 Gruneisen, Ulms Kuntsleben im MittelaUer ; Von Quaudt, Kuntsblatt, 

 1840 ; Waagen, Kuntswerke und Kiinstler in Deutschland, vol. iii. ; 

 Nagler, Neues Allgemeines Kiinstler Lexicon.) 



*SCHO'NLEIN, JOHANN LUK, a distinguished German physician. 

 He was born at Bamberg on the 30th of November 1793, and received 

 his early education in the gymnasium of that place. He afterwards 

 studied in the universities of Landshut and Wurzburg, in the latter 

 of which he took his degree of Doctor of Medicine in the year 1816. 

 He afterwards studied at Gottingen and Jena, but returned to Wurz- 

 burg in 1819. The following year he was made Professor of Clinical 

 Medicine in the Julius Hospital. Here he distinguished himself for 

 his industry in the observation of disease. In 1833 he accepted the 

 professorship of Clinical Medicine at Zurich. In 1840 he commenced 

 delivering lectures in Berlin, and in the course of a short time attracted 

 great attention on account of the wide and accurate knowledge of 

 the nature of disease which he displayed. He was appointed Professor 

 of Pathology in the university, and also professor at the Medical and 

 Surgical Military Academy of Berlin. He is chiefly known out of 

 Germany by the clinical reports of his lectures and cases published by 

 his pupils. He has published nothing himself. Those however who 

 are anxious to discover his opinions will find them in a work entitled 

 ' General and Special Pathology, and Therapeutics,' published at 

 Wurzburg, in four volumes, in 1832. 



* SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY RO\VE, celebrated on account of his 

 travels among the native Indians of North America, and his researches 

 into their language and antiquities, was born on the 28th of March 

 1793, at Hamilton in Albany, New York, where his father, Colonel 

 Lawrence Schoolcraft, was the manager of extensive glass-works. 

 Having while a mere child displayed a remarkable talent for drawing 

 and painting, negociations were entered into for his apprenticeship to 

 a portrait-painter, but his destination is said to have been changed to 

 that of a house-painter, though it does not appear that he was actually 

 apprenticed ; and we find him at a sufficiently early age engaged in 

 the study of literature and science. At the age of fourteen he was a 

 contributor of both prose and verse to the newspapers, and he was, we 

 are told, already occupied in the study of the philosophy of languages. 

 At the age of fifteen he entered Union College, where he completed 

 his scholastic education. Hebrew, German, and French he is said to 

 have taught himself during the intervals of collegiate study and news- 

 paper writing, and he at the same time was assiduously engaged in 

 the study of mineralogy. In 1816 he commenced the publication of 

 a work on the manufacture of glass, enamel, &c., and the application 

 of chemistry to these arts, under the title of ' Vitreology,' but not 

 meeting with a sufficient sale it was discontinued. 



He began in 1817 the course of travel and inquiry to which he 

 owes his reputation, by a journey, prosecuted through that and part 

 of the following year, down the Alleghauy river to the Ohio, thence 

 up the Missouri to St. Louis, exploring the whole of the Missouri 

 shore on foot, as well as the district arouud Potosi, and thence to 

 the Ozack and highland regions extending to the foot of the Rocky 

 Mountains, and the wilder parts of Arkansas. His object in this 

 journey was to make a geological exploration of the country and to 

 form a mineralogical collection ; and having arranged his notes and 

 specimens he proceeded to Washington, in the hope of inducing the 

 government to undertake the working of the lead mines of Missouri. 

 He met with a warm reception from the scientific men of the capital, 

 his collections being the first of the kind made, with any approach to 

 completeness, in America. In like manner his account of the ' Mines 

 and Mineral Resources of Missouri" (8vo, 1819), was recognised as the 

 first detailed description of a North American mining district which 

 had then been published. The success of this work led to his appoint- 

 ment by Calhoun as geologist to the exploring expedition under 



