339 



SCHOREL, JOHN. 



SCHUBERT, FRANZ. 



840 



a learned commentary, of the geometry of Descartes. Ten years after- 

 wards he publ bed, with numerous additions, a second edition of the 

 commentary in two volumes. This work has met with general appro- 

 bation, as it presents a clear explanation of the subject without the 

 prolixity which usually accompanies the writings of a commentator ; 

 it is also enriched with the researches of several distinguished mathe- 

 maticians of the age. It contains two letters from Hudde (burgo- 

 master of Amsterdam) on the reduction of equations, on the method 

 of tangents, and on propositions concerning maxima and minima ; and 

 one from Van Heuraet on the rectification of curves. There are also 

 two tracts by M. Beaune on the limits of equations, and one entitled 

 ' Elemeuta Curvarum,' by the unfortunate minister De Witt. 



In 1651 he published bis 'Principia Matheseos,' and in 1657 his 

 ' Exercitationes Mathematicse.' The latter work, which is now scarce, 

 contains, besides the solutions of several curious and intricate propo- 

 sitions, many useful and instructive applications of algebra to geometry, 

 particularly a restoration, in part and in an algebraic form, of the 

 treatise on ' Plane Loci,' from the works of Apollonius. 



The year of Schooten's birth is not known, but he died in 1659, 

 while the second volume of the commentary above mentioned was in 

 the press. 



SCHOREL, or SCHOREEL, JOHN, was born in 1495, at Schorel, 

 a village near Alkmaar in Holland. His parents dying when he was 

 very young, he was put to school by some near relations ; and as he 

 very early manifested a decidd inclination for the art of design, they 

 placed him, at the age of fourteen, under William Cornelis, an indif- 

 ferent painter, with whom he remained three years, and made much 

 greater progress than might have been expected. He afterwards 

 studied under James Cornelis at Amsterdam, a much abler artist, who 

 took great pains to instruct him. The fame of John de Mabuse, 

 who was living in high esteem at Utrecht, induced Schorel to place 

 himself under him ; but he soon left him, on account of his dissolute 

 manners, which disgusted the young artist. Schorel then travelled 

 through Germany, and passed some time at Nurnberg with Albert 

 Diirer, who treated him with great kindness. He next went to Venice, 

 where he met with an ecclesiastic, his countryman, who persuaded him 

 to join a company of pilgrims to the Holy Land. In Palestine he 

 made numerous sketches of Jerusalem and the environs of the country 

 about Jordan, and whatever appeared worthy of his attention. On his 

 way to the Holy Land he lauded at Cyprus ; and on his return, at 

 Rhodes, where he was received with much distinction by Villiers, the 

 grand-master of the knights of St. John. In these islands he likewise 

 enriched his portfolio with numerous sketches, which were of great 

 use to him in his future compositions. On returning to Europe he 

 passed three years at Rome, studying the works of Raffaelle and other 

 great masters and the antique. He was the first of the artists of the 

 Netherlands who introduced the Italian taste into his own country. 

 He settled at Utrecht. His works were very numerous, and are spoken 

 of in the highest terms of praise : among them the Baptism of Christ, 

 Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, the Passage of the Israelites over 

 Jordan, and some others, are particularly mentioned. Unfortunately 

 all his great works in the churches and convents were destroyed by the 

 Iconoclasts, in 1566, only four years after his death. Though many 

 in private collections escaped destruction, his works are now exces- 

 sively scarce. In the collection of old paintings made by Messrs. 

 Boissere'e, now in the possession of the king of Bavaria, are four of his 

 pictures ; and in Lord Methuen's gallery at Corsham House there is 

 one, of which Dr. Waagen speaks in very high terms of praise. Schorel, 

 who, besides his eminence as a painter, was one of the most accom- 

 plished men of his time, died at Utrecht, in 1562, in the sixty-eighth 

 year of his age. 



SCHOTT, ANDREW, was born on the 12th of September, 1552, 

 at Antwerp. He studied at Louvain, where he afterwards taught 

 rhetoric. But the disturbances in the Netherlands obliged him to 

 withdraw; and about 1577 he went to Paris, where for some time he 

 assisted Busbecq in his literary occupations. After a stay of two 

 years in France he went to Spain, where he became acquainted with 

 some persons of influence at the court of Philip II., in consequence 

 of which he obtained a professorship of Greek literature at Toledo. 

 Schott gained so high a reputation, that in 1584 he was invited to 

 the professorship of Greek and rhetoric in the university of Saragossa. 

 In 1586 he entered the order of the Jesuits, and in consequence of 

 this began the study of theology, which he subsequently taught at 

 Saragossa, until he was invited to Rome as professor of rhetoric in 

 the college of the Jesuits. Here he remained for three years, and at 

 the close of this period he asked and obtained permission to return 

 to Antwerp. The remainder of his life he spent at Antwerp, devoting 

 himself entirely to literary pursuits. He died on the 23d of January, 

 1629. 



Schott was a man of great industry and sincerity : he was kind and 

 obliging to all persons, whether Romanist or Protestant, his only object 

 being to advance the interests of learning and science. As a scholar 

 he is more remarkable for his great and accurate learning than for 

 his genius or critical talents. His works amounted to the number of 

 forty-seven : we shall only give a list of the more important among 

 them. ' Laudatio Funebris Ant. August! Archiep. Tarraconensis, in 

 qua ejus Vita Scriptisquo disseritur,' Lcyden, 4to., 1586; 'Vitaa Com- 

 paratae Aristotelis ac Demosthenis, Olympiadibus ac Praeturis Atheni- 



ensium digestse,' Augsburg, 4to., 1603; 'Hispania Illustrata, seu 

 rerum urbiumque Hispaniro, Lusitaniaj, .^Ethiopia) et India? Scriptores 

 varii,' Frankfurt, 4 vols. fol., 1603, 1618 : the first two vols. of this 

 very important work were edited by Schott himself, the third by 

 his brother, and tho fourth by Pistorius. ' Thesaurus Exemplorum 

 ac Sententiarum ex Auctoribus Optimis collectus, in centurias quatuor 

 divisus,' Antwerp, 8vo., 1607 ; ' Hispaniao Bibliotheca, seu de Acade- 

 miis et Bibliothecis, item Elogia et Nomenclator Clarorum Hispaniao 

 Scriptorum, qui Latino Disciplinas omnes illustrarunt,' Frankfurt, 

 4to., 1608 : this work, though of great value for the literary history of 

 Spain, has many defects ; and as the author's name does not appear 

 on the title-page, it has been thought that the work was not written 

 by Schott himself. 'Adagia, sive Proverbia Greecorum ex Zeuobio, 

 Diogeniauo, et Suidao collectaneis partim edita, partim nunc primum 

 Latino reddita ; accedunt Proverbiorum Graecoruin e Vaticana Biblio- 

 theca Appendix et Jos. Scaligeri Stromateua/ Antwerp, 1612, 4to. ; 

 ' Observationum Humanarum Libri Quinque quibus Gracci Latinique 

 Scriptores emendantur et illustrantur,' &c., Hanau, 4to., 1615 ; 'Tabulae 

 Rei Nummariae Romanorum Graecorumquo'ad Belgicam, Gallicam, 

 &c. monetam revocatae, cum brevi Catalogo eorum qui apud GrsBcos 

 Latinosque de Ponderibus, Mensuris et Re Nummaria scripseruut,' 

 Antwerp, 8vo., 1616 ; 'Selecta Variorum Commentaria in Orationes 

 Ciccronis,' Cologne, 3 vols, 8vo, 1621. Schott also took a part in the 

 edition of the 'Bibliotheca Patrum,' which appeared at Cologne in 

 1618, &c. He also published editions of several ancient writers, such 

 as Aurelius Victor, Pomp. Mela, Orosius, St. Basilius, Theophylactes, 

 and wrote notes upon Valerius Flaccus and Corn. Nepos. He also 

 edited, with additions, the ' Annales Romani ' of Pighius, the ' Itine- 

 rary ' of Antoninus, Goltzius's 'History of Sicily,' Rosini's ' Antiquitates 

 Romanae,' and the 'Lettres' of Paul Manutius. 



*SCHOUW, JOACHIM FRIEDRICH, professor of botany and 

 superintendant of the botanic gardens at Copenhagen. He was born 

 at Copenhagen in 1789. He entered the university in the year 1808 

 and commenced the study of the law, but natural science having 

 more attractions he gave himself up to the study of botany. In 1812 

 he made a natural history tour through Norway, and in 1816 he pub- 

 lished an essay entitled ' De sedibus plantarum originariis,' for which 

 he was honoured with the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. He after- 

 wards travelled throughout Europe in search of botanical information, 

 and in 1822 commenced publishing his 'Elements of a Universal 

 Geography of Plants,' which was accompanied by an atlas. In 1835 

 he was elected to represent the University of Copenhagen in the 

 Danish States' Assembly, and was for three successive years president 

 of that body. He was remarkable for his liberal opinions, and 

 especially for his advocacy of the freedom of the press. In 1844 he 

 was chosen spokesman of the deputation who presented a petition to 

 the king, praying for equal rights in the dukedom of Schleswig. Besides 

 the botanical works above, Dr. Schouw has published many others on the 

 distribution of plants, and the relations of climate to natural history 

 productions. One of them entitled ' Earth, Plants, and Man,' has been 

 translated into English by Professor Henfrey. Dr. Schouw is un- 

 doubtedly one of the greatest authorities on the subject of the 

 distribution of plants, and his views on the subject of their relations 

 are everywhere adopted as the basis of modern researches on this 

 subject. 



SCHREVE'LIUS, CORNELIUS, was born at Haarlem in South 

 Holland, about the year 1615. He was brought up as a physician, 

 but it is not stated if he ever practised this profession, and he is only 

 known by his literary labours. In 1662 he succeeded his father as 

 rector of a school at Leyden, which place beheld till his death in 1664, 

 according to so some, or in 1667 according to others. Schrevelius 

 published editions of many of the Latin classical writers with notes 

 collected from various critics ; Juvenal, Persius, Terence, Virgil, 

 Horace, and Cicero are among the number. He also published a 

 Hsiod and Homer in the same way. He also edited the ' Lexicon ' 

 of Scapula, and that of Hesychius, which bears date the year 1668, 

 after the death of Schrevelius, as appears from the dedication of the 

 printer. Schrevelius is best known by his ' Lexicon Manuale Grsoco- 

 Latinum,' the fourth edition of which is said to have appeared iu 

 1645. Works of this kind should be estimated by the period to 

 which they belong, and in this view the ' Lexicon Manuale ' had the 

 merit of furnishing the young scholar with a cheap dictionary of the 

 Greek language. This dictionary however is of very limited use, as 

 it is only applicable to a few authors. Perhaps few school-books have 

 been more extensively used ; the editions both English and foreign 

 are innumerable : but it is formed on a plan fundamentally bad, and 

 is full of errors of all kinds. 



SCHUBERT, FRANZ, a German composer, of whose biography 

 very little is known. He was born in the year 1807, and died in or 

 about the year 1832, at the age of twenty-five. He composed several 

 operas, symphonies, and other works of magnitude; but they never 

 attracted much notice, and his short life appears to have been spent in 

 neglect and obscurity. His large works are forgotten ; but he has 

 gained a great amount of posthumous fame by his songs and ballads, 

 many of which are extant, and generally admired, not only in Ger- 

 many, but in Italy, France, England, America, and indeed throughout 

 the whole musical world; and they deserve their reputation, for, 

 while their simple, natural, and expressive melody delights the popular 



