341 



SCHUBERT, GOTTHILP HEINRICH VON. 



SCHULTZE, ERNST CONRAD FRIEDRICH. 



342 



ear, the most accomplished musician is charmed by their masterly 

 construction and inexhaustible richness of fancy. But the songs 

 which pass under Schubert's name are very unequal in merit, and it is 

 believed that many of them are not his composition, but spurious 

 imitations of his style. 



*SCHUBERT, GOTTHILF HEINRICH VON, Professor of Natural 

 History in the University of Munich, was born April 26, 1780, at Hohen- 

 Btein in Saxony, where his father was minister. He received his early 

 education at Greiz and Weimar, and whilst at Weimar attracted 

 the notice of Herder, who received him into his house. He com- 

 menced the study of theology in the University of Leipzig, but a year 

 after he left for Jena, where he devoted himself to the study of 

 medicine. He commenced practice as a physician in Altenberg, and 

 met with considerable success ; but he was fond of literature, and 

 this led him to the study of natural history. In 1804 he published a 

 romance entitled ' Die Kirche und die Gb'tter.' After remaining two 

 years in Altenberg, he went to Freiburg, in order to study geology. 

 In 1807 he repaired to Dresden to study the art-treasures of that city; 

 here he delivered lectures on natural science, which he afterwards 

 published, under the title of 'Views of the Night-side of Nature:' 

 he had already published one volume of his great work on the ' Uni- 

 versal History of Life,' which was completed in 1820. In 1809 he 

 accepted the position of tutor to the children of the Grand-Duke of 

 Mecklenburg-Schwerin. On resigning this appointment he became 

 professor of natural history in the University of Erlangen, and subse- 

 quently accepted the same chair at Munich. 



Schubert has published a great many works, all of them partaking 

 more or less of a metaphysical character. Some of his writings are 

 devoted to religious subjects, and are treated of in a pietistic and 

 mystical manner. He has written several volumes giving an account 

 of his travels ; such are his ' Journeys in the East," ' Travels in the 

 South of France and Italy,' and others. 



SCHULTENS, ALBERT, a learned divine, was born at Groningen 

 in 1680. He studied at that place till 1706, and made rapid progress 

 in theology, Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic. He then visited Leyden, 

 and attended the lectures of the most eminent professors at that 

 university. Thence he passed to Utrecht, where he met Reland, and 

 profited by his lessons. On his return to Groningen in 1708 Schulteus 

 took holy orders, and in 1711 became curate of Wassenaar. Two years 

 after he was appointed professor of the Oriental languages at Franeker, 

 where he remained till I720i He was then invited to Leyden, where 

 he taught Hebrew and the Oriental languages with great reputation 

 till his death, which happened on the 26th of January 1750, in the 

 sixty-fourth year of his age. He left, a son, named John Jacob, who 

 waa professor of divinity at Herborn, and who afterwards succeeded 

 him in the chair of Oriental languages at Leyden. Schultens published 

 several works on various subjects connected with Biblical or Oriental 

 literature. The principal are : ' Commentarius in Librum Job, cum 

 nova versione,' 2 vols. 4to, Leyden, 1737 ; ' Vetus et regia via 

 Hebra'izaudi contra novam et metaphysicam hodiernam,' 4to, Leyden, 

 1738; 'Origines Hebrew,' 2 vols. 4to, Franeker, 1724-38. In these 

 last two works Schultens upholds the doctrine that the Hebrew, 

 Arabic, Syriac, and Chaldee are only the remains of a more ancient 

 language taught to man by his Creator ; and refutes the opinions of 

 Gousset and his disciples, who maintained the divine origin of the 

 Hebrew. ' Proverbia Salomonis cum versione integrd, et commentario,' 

 4to, Leyden, 1748 ; 'Monumenta vetustiora Arabise,' 4to, Leyden, 1740, 

 or a collection of poetical fragments of the times preceding Mohammed, 

 as preserved in the works of Nuwayri, Masudi, Abu-1-feda", &c., with a 

 Latin translation and copious notes. He published also the ' Life of 

 Saladiu/ by Bohdu-d-din, in the original Arabic, with a Latin trans- 

 lation, and an excellent geographical index, folio, Leyden, 1755; a 

 portion of the ' Makamdt,' or sessions of Hariri ; and a new edition of 

 Erpenius's Arabic Grammar, with numerous additions. A short 

 account of the life and writings of Schultens may be read in the 

 ' Athena) Frisiacse,' by Vriemoet. 



SCHULTENS, HENRY ALBERT, grandson of the preceding, was 

 born at Herborn, February 15, 1749, at the time when his father (John 

 Jacob) was professor of divinity at that place. He was educated at 

 Leyden, where he applied himself with great diligence to the study of 

 Hebrew and Arabic under his father and Everard Scheid, who then 

 lodged at his house. He also studied the Greek and Latin classics 

 under Hemsterhuis, Rhunkenius, and Walkenaar; and cultivated 

 English literature, being remarkably fond of Pope, and an enthusiastic 

 admirer of Shakspers. In 1722, when he was only in his twenty-third 

 year, he published his ' Anthologia Sententiarum Arabicarum ' (4to, 

 Leyden), with a Latin translation and notes. Shortly after he visited 

 England, for the purpose of consulting the Arabic manuscripts in the 

 Bodleian Library, and resided for some time at Oxford as a gentleman- 

 commoner of Wadham College. In May 1773 the university conferred 

 on him the degree of M.A. by diploma. He also visited Cambridge, 

 and made several corrections and additions to the catalogue of the 

 Oriental manuscripts in the university library. During his stay in 

 England, Schulteus published his ' Specimen Proverbiorum Meidani 

 ex, versione Pocockianft ' (4to, 1773), which he had transcribed while 

 at Oxford from the original manuscript of Edward Pocock, preserved 

 in the Bodleian. On his return to Holland, Schultens was appointed 

 professor of Oriental languages in the academical school of Amsterdam 



where he remained for five years, until in December 1778 he was 

 called to succeed his father in his chair, and in 1787 was elected rector 

 of the university. At tho expiration of hu functions in 1788 he 

 delivered his remarkable peroration, 'De lugenio Arabum/ which waa 

 afterwards printed. In November 1792 he waa attacked by a slow 

 fever that terminated in a consumption, of which he died in August 

 1793, at the age of forty-four. 



Besides his ' Anthologia ' of Arabic sentences, and several articles iu 

 the 'Bibliotheca Critica,' edited by Wyttenbach (Atnst., 1779-90), 

 Professor Schultens wrote ' Para versionia Arabics? Libri Colailah wa 

 Dimnah,' 4to, Leyden, 1786, or the Arabic translation of the Fablea 

 of Bidpay, or Pilpay, made by Abdalla Ibu Mokaffa. [PILPAY.] 

 ' Meidauii Proverbiorum Arabicorum pare, Latino cum notis,' 4to, 

 Leyden, 1795. This work, which is different from that published in 

 1773, was not printed till after the death of the author, by the care 

 of his friend Nicholas William Schroder. It contains only a portion 

 of the proverbs of Meydani, of the whole of which Schultens had made 

 a translation. 'DeFiuibus Litterarum Orientalium 1'roferendiB,' 4to, 

 Amst., 1774. 'De Studio Belgnrum in Litteris Arabicis Excolendis,' 

 Leyden, 1779. These are two inaugural orations read on the occasion 

 of his taking possession of the chairs which he filled at Amster- 

 dam and Leyden. He left also a Dutch translation of the Book 

 of Job, which has never been printed. The life of Henry Albert 

 Schultens, accompanied by his portrait, appeared in Wagenaar'a 

 collection, entitled ' Series Continuata Historiso Batavaj/ part j., 

 pp. 364-380. 



SCHULTING, ANTONIUS, was born at Nymegen in Guelderland, 

 in 1659. He received a learned education under Rycquius and Grse- 

 vius, and afterwards studied law at Leyden under Voet and under 

 Noodt to whom he was related. After being employed as a teacher of 

 law in his native province and also in Friesland, he was removed to 

 the University of Leyden in 1713, where he became the colleague of 

 Noodt. He died at Leyden in 1734. Schulting was a laborioua 

 student, and he had a right perception of the necessity of studying 

 Roman law in its historical development. Besides some orations deli- 

 vered on public occasions, he wrote ' Enarratio partis primae Digesto- 

 rum,' Leyden, 8vo, 1720; 'Thesium Controversarum juxta seriem 

 Digestorum decades C.,' Leyden, 8vo, 1738; and 'Not ad Veteres 

 Glossas Verborum Juris in Basilicis,' inserted in the third volume of 

 the Thesaurus of Otto. But the work by which he is best known is 

 the 'Jurisprudent Vetus antc-Justinianea ' (Lugd. Bat., 1717 and 

 Lips., 1737), which contains the remains of the four books of the 

 ' Institutiones ' of Gaius, the ' Sententiae Receptse ' of Paulus, the 

 twenty-nine ' Tituli ex Corpore Ulpiani,' the fragments of the ' Codices 

 Gregoriauus et Hermogenianus,' the ' Mosaicarum et Romanarum 

 Legum Collatio,' and some few other matters. Though this work has 

 been superseded either altogether or in part, so far as regards the text, 

 by the 'Jus Civile aute-Justiniaueum,' &c., published at Berlin in 1815, 

 by the 'Corpus Jur. Rom. ante-Justinian.,' &c., Bonn, 1835 and 1837, 

 and by the various discoveries and labours of more recent jurists, it is 

 still very valuable for the learned notes of Schulting and other scholars 

 which accompany it. 



*SCHULTZ, KARL HEINRICH, or as he is now called SCHULTZ 

 SCHULTZENSTEIN, professor of medicine in the University of 

 Berlin. He was born at Alt-Ruppin on the 8th of July, 1798. He 

 was educated at the Gymnasium of Neu-Ruppin. He studied medi- 

 cine and surgery at Berlin and graduated as Doctor of Medicine in 

 1821. In 1822 he became a private teacher in the university, and in 

 1825 he was made an extraordinary professor, and in 1825 an ordinary 

 professor. He is distinguished for his researches in vegetable physiology 

 more especially for the discovery of the laticiferous tissues in plants 

 and the circulation of a fluid in them. His papers on this subject are 

 very numerous, although recent botanists have been led to doubt the 

 correctness of many of his conclusions. He has also written upon the 

 nature of the blood and its changes and composition in disease. In 

 his work entitled ' The Universal Doctrine of Disease ' he has explained 

 many of his peculiar views. He has written a work on homoeopathy, 

 in which he endeavours to show that this system is but the revival 

 of the doctrine of Paracelsus. He has written also many other works 

 on physiology and medicine. 



SCHULTZE, ERNST CONRAD FRIEDRICH, a young German 

 poet, no less remarkable for the enthusiasm of his character, and for 

 the peculiar application of his genius, than for his genius itself. He 

 was born at Cello, March 22nd 1789, and was BO far from giving early 

 indications of a studious disposition, that while at school he was con- 

 sidered exceedingly negligent and wayward, and impatient of restraint 

 or order. Neither did he distinguish himself by diligence at the Univer- 

 sity of Gb'ttingen, whither he proceeded in 1806 ; for though he gained 

 the notice and friendship of Professor Bouterwek, by the superiority of 

 his college exercises, and by the talent displayed in the poetical com- 

 positions he ventured to submit to his criticism, he benefited little by 

 the public lectures he attended, even those on classical and modern 

 literature. A year or two before going to the university he had 

 indulged in reading romances of chivalry and legends of fairy fiction, 

 of which he had met with an ample store in an old library to which 

 he had access, and their influence is plainly perceptible in his pro- 

 ductions. The first was a poem, composed by him while at Gottingen, 

 on the story of Psyche, in which he seems to have proposed to himself 



