Mfl 



SCHWARZ, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICII. 



SCHWABZ, CHRISTIAN FRIKDIUCH. 



colossal statues of St. Peter and St. Paul. There are also by him in 

 Munich statues, some of them of colossal size, and most of them in 

 bronze, of Count Tilly, Field-Marshal Prince Wredo, Kreitmayer, the 

 author of the Bavarian code, and one or two others. But the chief 

 work with which he adorned his native city was his immense statue 

 of Bavaria, which occupies the centre of the Bavarian Hall of Fame 

 (Bairische Ruhmershalle). Bavaria is represented as a maiden crowned 

 with the oak-garland ; one hand is stretched out, and holds a laurel 

 crown, the reward of merit ; the other presses a sword against her 

 bosom, to defend her independence ; by her side reclines a lion. The 

 group, which is of bronze, exceeds in magnitude any other modern 

 work. The figure of Bavaria is about 60 feet high, that of the lion is 

 nearly 30 feet ; the pedestal is 28 feet high : a staircase insido leads 

 tip to the head of Bavaria, which is large enough to contain several 

 persons. This vast work was commenced in 1844, but neither the 

 sculptor nor the founder of this unparalleled work 1 [STIGLMAYER, 

 loiivNN BAPTIST], lived to see it placed on its pedestal. It was 

 inaugurated with great ceremony, October 9, 1850. Remarkable as 

 this work is for its size, it is equally so for its grandeur. It was the 

 crowning work of Schwanthalcr's life, and as long as it endures it will 

 be the most impressive monument to his genius. The Ruhmershalle 

 however contains other proofs of his versatile imagination. In the 

 tympana at the end of the wings of the building are four recumbent 

 figures by him, representing the four national divisions of the kingdom, 

 Bavaria, the Palatinate, Swabia, and Franconia ; and the frieze contains 

 92 metopes, all of them designed by him : 44 containing figures of 

 Victory, and the remaining 48 the arts and occupations of civilised life. 



Among important public works which he designed for other places 

 may* be mentioned, his grand fountain in the Neumarkt. Vienna, 

 around the basin of which he has placed figures typifying the Enns, 

 Ips, Traun, and March, the four principal rivers of the archduchy of 

 Austria, pouring their waters into the Danube, which is represented 

 by a colossal figure in the centre ; another and finer fountain in the 

 Freiung, Vienna, in which are five beautifully-designed bronze figures 

 of Austria with her four great rivers, the Danube, Vistula, Elbe, and 

 Po ; the monument of Carl Friedrich, grand-duke of Baden, with its 

 four allegorical figures, at Carlsruhe ; monumental statues of the 

 Emperor Rudolf von Habsburg at Spire, King Charles John of 

 Sweden, the Grand-Duke Ludwig at Darmstadt, Mozart at Salzburg, 

 Gothe at Frankfurt, Jean Paul Richter at Baireuth, and many more, 

 one of the more remarkable being a series of twenty statues of emi- 

 nent Bohemians for a national monument at Liborch, near Prague, 

 which however he left unfinished. Among the works executed for 

 private patrons we can only name his statues of Venus, Apollo, Cupid, 

 Diana, Vesta, Ceres, Bacchus, Pan, various nymphs, and the like, from 

 the Grecian mythology; statues and statuettes of knights and old 

 Teutonic heroes ; and a vast number of sepulchral and portrait 

 f-tatues, busts, and medallions, which are to be found not merely in 

 the princely galleries and churches of Bavaria and Austria, but scattered 

 throughout Germany, and occasionally in England. 



Ludwig Schwanthaler died his feeble frame, it is said, literally 

 worn out by his unceasing labour on the 17th of November 1848, 

 having only a few months before completed his forty-sixth year. The 

 above very incomplete enumeration of his works will more than 

 suffice to show the wonderful energy and industry of the man ; but it 

 is necessary to examine the works themselves to form a just estimate 

 of his various and apparently inexhaustible genius. It will not of 

 course be supposed however that he accomplished the impossible task 

 of carving all these works with his own chisel. From the establish- 

 ment of his studio at Munich he had about him a large body of pupils, 

 some of whom have since come to be among the more eminent of 

 living German sculptors, and to them was in most instances entrusted 

 the duty of carrying out the designs of the master. But Schwanthaler 

 himself was a rapid, often an impatient designer, and hence, the 

 imperfect design being left to be completed by insufficiently-expe- 

 rienced assistants, it often happens in his less important works that 

 there is an absence of finish, an appearance of carelessness even, 

 which is disappointing to the spectator and injurious to the reputation 

 of the sculptor. Schwanthaler's strength is seen in his realisation of 

 old Teutonic fable and history, like has Hermann-Schlacht, or those 

 types of German ideas, such as he has so grandly presented in his 

 ' Bavaria.' Among the Grecian deities he falls into the old conven- 

 tionalisms, or Germanises the Hellenic thought. 



By his will Schwanthaler bequeathed to the Munich Academy of 

 the Fine Arts his studio, with models of all the principal works exe- 

 cuted by him. The studio stands opposite to the house in which he 

 died, in the street named in honour of him, the Schwanthalerstrasse, 

 and in it is carefully preserved the extensive collection of his works. It 

 ia open daily to the public, and is one of the great art-sights of the 

 German metropolis of art. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham contains 

 casts of the head of the colossal ' Bavaria,' the ' Shield of Hercules,' 

 and several other of Schwanthaler's productions. 



SCHWARZ, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, was born October 26, 

 1726, at Sonnenburg, in the Prussian province of Brandenburg. He 

 was educated at the schools of Sounenburg' arid Custrin till his 

 twentieth year, when he entered the University of Halle, where he 

 obtained the friendship of Herman Francke, who was a warm supporter 

 of missionary labours. Schwarz and another student were appointed 



to learn the Tamul, in order to superintend the printing of a Bible in 

 that language, which however was not carried into effect; but the 

 knowledge of the Tamul which Schwarz had acquired induced Francke 

 to propose to him that he should go out to India as a missionary. 

 Schwarz had been educated with a view to the Christian ministry : 

 his own religioua impressions had early seconded the wishes of his 

 father, and the proposal of Francke was immediately acceded to. 

 Having been ordained at Copenhagen, he embarked at London, January 

 21, 1750, and in July arrived at Tranquebar, on the Coromandel Coast, 

 the appointed scene of his labours, and the seat of a Danish mission. 



Schwarz continued to reside chiefly at Tranquebar, and to labour 

 with the Danish mission till 1766, when he devoted his services to the 

 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, to which the Danish 

 mission was soon afterwards transferred. He now took up his abode 

 at Trichinopoly, where he had founded a church and school in 1765. 

 Here he performed the duties of chaplain to the garrison, for which he 

 received 1001. a year, a sum which he devoted entirely to the service 

 of the mission. 



^ Schwarz continued to reside for several years at Trichinopoly, occa- 

 sionally visiting other places, especially Tanjore. Small congregations 

 of Hindoo converts gradually grew up under his care, and in 1777 

 another missionary was sent from Tranquebar to assist him. Hia 

 visits to Tanjore now became more frequent, and he obtained the 

 friendship of the raja Tulia Maha, who gave him leave to build a 

 church in Tanjore. He proceeded with the work till his funds were 

 exhausted, when he applied to the presidency of Madras for assist- 

 ance. In reply he was requested to proceed immediately to the seat 

 of government in order to receive the appointment of ambassador, for 

 the purpose of treating with Hyder AH for the continuance of peace, 

 a task for which he was summoned by Hyder himself. "Do not send 

 to me," said Hyder, "any of your agents, for I do not trust their 

 words or treaties ; but if you wish me to listen to your proposals, send 

 to me the missionary of whose character I hear so much from every 

 one : him I will receive and trust." Schwarz was startled by the 

 novelty of the proposal, but after requesting time to consider of it, he 

 accepted the offer. He proceeded to Seringapatam, and resided at the 

 court of Hyder for three months. His mission was entirely successful; 

 the terms of peace were settled, and he then returned to Tanjore. 



The peace however was of short continuance, and Schwarz com- 

 plained that the British were guilty of the infraction. Hyder invaded 

 the Carnatic, and during the years 1781, 1782, and 1783 the sufferings 

 of the inhabitants were dreadful; they fled to the towns for protec- 

 tion; Tanjore and Trichinopoly were crowded with starving multi- 

 tudes; at Tanjore especially numbers died in the streets of famine 

 and disease, and the garrison itself was enfeebled by want, and 

 dispirited by knowing that a powerful army was outside the walls. 

 There were provisions in the country, but the exactions both of the 

 British and the Raja had destroyed the confidence of the cultivators, 

 and they would not bring them to the fort. At length the Raja said, 

 " We have lost all our credit. Let us try whether the inhabitants will 

 trust Mr. Schwarz." Schwarz was accordingly empowered to treat 

 with the cultivators. He sent out letters, in which he promised not 

 only to pay for what was brought in, but for any bullock which might 

 be taken by the enemy. In two or three days a thousand bullocks 

 were obtained, and in a short time 80,000 kalams of grain. By this 

 means the town was saved. 



In 1784 the East India government sent Schwarz on a mission to 

 Tippoo Saib, but the son of Hyder would not receive him. Another 

 church was built in the neighbourhood of Tanjore, which the increase 

 of his congregation had rendered necessary ; and in 1785 he engaged in a 

 scheme for the establishment of schools throughout the country for the 

 purpose of teaching the natives the English language, which was carried 

 into effect at Tanjore and other places ; and the good faith and good 

 sense with which Schwarz conducted them, no ' deceitful methods ' 

 being used to bring over the pupils, who were chiefly children of the 

 upper classes, to the doctrines of Christ, proved highly beneficial, not 

 only from the instruction and moral principles communicated, but 

 from the confidence and good feeling which were created in the natives 

 generally. 



In 1787 the Raja of Tanjore lay at the point of death. He had 

 adopted as his successor a boy yet in his minority, and now sent for 

 his friend Schwarz as the only person to whom he could with con- 

 fidence entrust him. " He is not my son, but yours," said the dying 

 Raja; "into your hands I deliver him." Ameer Sing, brother of 

 Tulia Maha, was appointed regent and guardian ; but he was disposed 

 to be treacherous, and he was supported by a strong British party ; 

 so that it required all Schwarz's care and influence with the East 

 India Company to establish the young prince in the possession of his 

 inheritance. Maha Sarbojee, the raja, some years afterwards mani- 

 fested his filial affection for his tutor and protector by erecting a 

 monument to his memory in the mission church at Tanjore, on which 

 the Raja is represented aa grasping the hand of the dying missionary, 

 and receiving his blessing. The monument is by Flaxman. The 

 success of Schwarz in the education of his pupil is shown by the 

 terms in which Bishop Heber spoke of him (the Raja) in 1826. Heber 

 calls him "an extraordinary man," and says that he quoted Fourcroy, 

 Lavoisier, Linnaeus, and Buffon fluently, that he had formed an 

 accurate judgment of the merits of Shakspere, that he wrote tolerable 



