847 



SCHWARZENBERG, PRINCE OF. 



SCIOPPIUS, CASPAR. 



343 



English poetry, and was " respected by the English officers in the 

 neiuhbourhood as a real good judge of a horse, and a cool, bold, and 

 deadly shot at a tiger." lieber sums up his description by remarking 

 that " he looked and talked like a favourable specimen of a French 

 general officer." 



Schwarz died February 13, 1798. Besides the monument already 

 mentioned, which the Raja sent a commission to Flaxman to execute, 

 another by Bacon was sent out by the East India Directors, and was 

 erected in St. Mary's church at Madras. 



For several years Schwarz's labours in the conversion of the Hindoos 

 were apparently attended with little success, which was not owing to 

 persecution or opposition, but almost entirely to the peculiar mental 

 character of the natives of India, cool, subtle, fond of argument, and 

 slow to be convinced ; but the effect of his preaching and the influence 

 of his virtuous and disinterested life were attended by a slow but 

 steady advance of the cause of Christianity. Congregations were 

 formed in numerous villages, and preachers were established at Cadda- 

 lore, Negapatam, and other towns, besides those at the earlier stations 

 of Tranquebar, Trichinopoly, and Tan j ore. The memory of Schwarz 

 is regarded with a feeling of veneration both by Mohammedans and 

 unconverted Hindoos, as well as by the Christian converts. Bishop 

 Heber says of him ('Journey through the Upper Provinces of India'), 

 that "he was one of the most active and fearless, as he was one of the 

 most successful missionaries who have appeared since the Apostles. To 

 say that he was disinterested in regard of money is nothing ; he was per- 

 . fectly careless of power, and renown never seemed to affect him, even so 

 far as to induce an outward show of humility. His temper was perfectly 

 simple, open, and cheerful, and in his political negociatious (employ- 

 ments which he never sought, but which fell in his way) he never pre- 

 tended to impartiality, but acted as the avowed though certainly the 

 successful and judicious agent of the orphan prince committed to his 

 care." 



SCHWARZENBERG, KARL PHILIP, PRINCE OF, Field-Mar- 

 shal of the Austrian armies, was born at Vienna, April 15, 1771. 

 During the war against the Turks, 1789, he gave proof of so much 

 discipline and zeal, as to obtain for him the command of part of the 

 van-guard of the Prince of Coburg, in the campaign of 1792. Soon 

 after, on the 26th of April, 1794, at the combat of Chateau-Carnbresis, 

 he placed himself at the head of a cavalry regiment and a body of 

 English troops, with which he cut his way through a corps of 27,000 

 French soldiers. For this exploit he was made a colonel; in 1797, he 

 became a major-general. 



In 1799, having raised a regiment of Hulaus at his own cost, his 

 own name, which it still bears, was given to it ; the same year, he was 

 appointed lieutenant-field-marshal. He was present at the dreadful 

 defeat of Hohenlinden, EO honourable to Moreau, but he saved his own 

 corps. The battle of Austerlitz (December 2, 1805), was fought contrary 

 to the advice of Schwarzenberg, who strongly urged the necessity 

 of waiting for the arrival of Benningsen and the Archduke Charles. 



Conformably with the wishes of the Emperor Alexander, Schwar- 

 zenberg was sent to the court of St. Petersburg, as ambassador, in 



1808. He distinguished himself greatly at the battle of Wagram, in 



1809, and during the retreat he commanded the rearguard. In 1810, 

 ho was appointed general of the Austrian cavalry. Whilst the preli- 

 minary measures were in progress for the marriage of Napoleon with 

 the Archduchess Maria Louisa, he was selected to conduct the negocia- 

 tions on the part of Austria. His government now became the ally 

 of France, and having furnished an auxiliary force of 30,000 troopa to 

 sustain the expedition against Russia, in 1812, this general was placed 

 at its head. The reluctance with which Schwarzenberg acted under 

 the Emperor Napoleon was often complained of during this disastrous 

 campaign, and is still the subject of censure in most of the French 

 historians ; but he is now generally understood to have submitted to 

 private instructions from his own government. He was however 

 created field-marshal for his services in this war, at the express desire 

 of Napoleon. Shortly before the great battle of Leipzig, October 18, 

 1813, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied armies then 

 confederated against France ; and on that day beheld the fine army of 

 Napoleon almost annihilated. In the campaign of 1814, he entered 

 the French territory, and adopting a cautious system was often opposed 

 to the active tactics of Prince Bliicher, who proposed an immediate 

 advance upon the capital. Nevertheless he consented at last to this 

 decision on the 24th of March ; after which he entered the city on 

 the 31st, when Marmont had capitulated. 



The remainder of his career passed away without any noticeable 

 events, except the honours which the Emperor of Austria heaped upon 

 him. Ho was made minister of war, received a grant of extensive 

 lands in Hungary, and was allowed to engrave the Imperial arms of 

 Austria on his family escutcheon. Having been thrown from his 

 horse, he was attacked by apoplexy, which produced a fatal result, 

 on the 15th of October, 1820. 



SCINA, DOME'NICO, was born at Palermo in 1765. He studied 

 in his native town under liosario Gregorio and other good masters, 

 and became a proficient in classical erudition. He afterwards applied 

 himself to the study of the mathematical and physical sciences, and to 

 these the remainder of his life was chiefly devoted. In 1796 he was 

 appointed professor of physics in the University of Palermo. He was 

 repeatedly sent by the government to various parts of Sicily to explore 



the natural phenomena of the island, and he published the results of 

 his observations. He gave an account of the eruption of JEtua of 

 1811, in two letters : ' Lettere scritte da Catania a Mou&ignor Grano 

 in Messina.' He wrote on the currents of the straits of Messina : 

 'Memoria su i Fili Reflui, e i Vortici apparenti dello Stretto di 

 Messina,' in which he gave a better explanation of them than either 

 Spallanzaui or Brocchi has done. In 1818 he published an interesting 

 ' Topografia di Palermo e de' suoi Contorni,' in which he describes the 

 physical geography of the tract, its geological and mineral formation, 

 its vegetable and animal productions, and its meteorology, the whole 

 accompanied by a map. In the following year he was sent to explore 

 the mountainous group called Monti Madonie, the ancient Nebrodes, 

 which rises in the centre of the island, especially with regard to the 

 frequent earthquakes to which that region is subject, and he wrote a 

 ' Rapporto del Viaggio alle Madouie, intraprcso per Ordine del Governo,' 

 Palermo, 1819. In 1823 he went on a like mission to the district of 

 Ogliastro, near Termini, where an earthquake had made ravages, and 

 among other things had affected the springs of the mineral waters 

 from which the town of Termini takes ils name. He wrote two 

 reports on the subject, which were inserted in the Sicilian 'Giornale 

 di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti.' In 1830, on the occasion of some fossil 

 remains found in the neighbourhood of Palermo, Sciub, wrote a 

 'Rapporto sull' Ossa Fossili di Mardolce e degli altri Contorni di 

 Palermo,' which attracted much attention. When a volcanic island 

 arose suddenly off the southern coast of Sicily, Scina was sent to 

 examine the new phenomenon, and he wrote a ' Breve Ragguaglio del 

 novello Vulcano.' Scina was not neglected by the Sicilian govern- 

 ment. Both King Ferdinand and his successor King Francis bestowed 

 their favour upon him. In 1815 he was appointed historiograpHer of 

 Sicily. In 1822 he was made chancellor of the University of Palermo, 

 and a member of the commission of public instruction and education 

 for the whole island. In 1823 he was made curator of the public 

 library of Palermo, and also rector of the ' Educandario delle Nobili 

 Donzelle/' or ' House of Education for young Ladies of Rank.' In 

 1828 King Francis presented him to the abbacy of S. Angelo di Brolo, 

 and in the following year gave him the decoration of his own order. 

 Scinh. was also the author of the following works : 1, ' Introduzione 

 alia Fisica Sperimentale,' 1803, a work which established his reputation 

 as a man of science. 2, ' Element! di Fisica.' 3, ' Elogio di Francesco 

 Maurolico,' a distinguished mathematician of Messina in the 16th 

 century. 4, ' Memorie sulla Vita e Filosofia di Empedocle, Girgeu- 

 tiuo,' in 2 vols. 8vo, Palermo, 1813, a work more concise but not less 

 accurate and interesting than that of F. W. Sturz, Leipzig, 1805, on 

 the same subject. Scina's book is divided into four parts: the first 

 treats of the time in which Empedocles lived; the second is a biography 

 of the Argentine philosopher ; the third treats of his philosophy ; and 

 the fourth is a collection of the fragments of his works translated 

 into Italian. 5, ' Discorso intorno ad Archimede.' 6, ' I Frammenti 

 della Gastronomia d'Archestrato,' Palermo, 1823, with a biography 

 of that ancient and little-known Sicilian poet. 7, ' Prospetto della 

 Storia Letteraria di Sicilia.' This is one of Scina's most esteemed 

 works, although it bears a very modest title. 8, ' Lettera al Padre 

 Piazzi intorno a Girolamo Settimo, Matematico Palermitano.' 9, 

 ' Esperienze e Scoverte sull' Elettro-magnetismo.' Sciuh, died of the 

 Asiatic cholera, which afflicted Palermo in July 1837. He was one of 

 the most learned men that modern Sicily has produced. (Tipaldo, 

 Biografia degli Italiani Illustri ; Mortillaro, Sulla Vita c sil le Opere 

 deli' Abate Domenico Scina, Palermo, 1837.) 



SCIOPPIUS, CASPAR, was born on the 27th of May 1576, at 

 Neumark in the Palatinate (Pfalz). His family was poor ; but although 

 he attacked Scaliger for his pretensions, he was very anxious to be 

 considered of noble descent. At the age of seventeen he published 

 some Latin poems, which were very favourably received. After the 

 completion of his studies, he travelled into Italy, and in 1589 he was 

 at Ferrara, where he wrote a panegyric on Pope Clemens VIII. and 

 the king of Spain. The pope became his protector and patron, and 

 Scioppius followed him to Rome, where he renounced the Protestant 

 religion, and the pope gave him the title of a knight of St. Peter, and 

 soon afterwards made him Comes Apostolicus de Claravalle. In 

 consequence of his conversion, Scioppius studied theology, and pub- 

 lished several little works, partly to justify his own conduct and 

 partly to support the cause of the pope against the Protestants. But 

 the study of ancient literature was not neglected : he also published an 

 edition of Varro, 'De Ling. Lat.,' Ingoldstadt, Svo, 1605; 'Commen- 

 taries on Appuleius and the Priapea,' Frankfurt, 12mo, 1606, and 

 reprinted at Padua, Svo, 1664, with notes of Scaliger and Liudeubrog. 



Scioppius had hitherto been well disposed towards Jos. Scaliger, 

 but some remarks respecting his conversion to Catholicism, and 

 Scaliger's letter to Douza, provoked the enmity of Scioppius, which 

 was displayed in his ' Scaliger Hypobolimseus, hoc est, Elenchus 

 Epistola? Joan. Burdonis, pseudo-Scaligeri, de Vetustate et Spleudore 

 Gentis Scaligerse,' 4to, Mayuz, 1607. In this book he ridiculed with 

 the bitterest satire the pretensions of Scaliger, and attacked King 

 Henry IV. of France for having granted civil liberty to the Protestants. 

 As the book was against Protestants in general, the dispute was taken 

 up by several persons of both parties, and was carried on for many 

 years. In 1608 Scioppius published several other works against the 

 Protestants. In the year following he travelled to Italy, and at Venice 



