SCIPIO. 



SCIPIO. 



360 



Avhich was involved in some dispute with the popo, Scioppius endea- 

 voured to persuade Paolo Sarpi to join the party of the pope. The 

 consequence of this attempt was that Scioppius was thrown into prison ; 

 but being soon restored to liberty, he visited Vienna, where he found 

 a more favourable reception. The emperor not only made him coun- 

 cillor to his court, but raised him to the rank of count palatine. In 

 1611 ho published two works, one called ' Ecclesiasticus Autoritati 

 Scr. D. Jacobi, Magnse Britaunioo regis, oppositus,' Hartberg, in 4to ; 

 and the other called ' Collyrium Regium, Ser. D. Jacobo, Magnse 

 Britannia) regi, graviter ooulis laboranti, omnium Catholicorum Nomine, 

 gratae voluutatib causa, muneri misum ; una cum Syntagmate de Cultu 

 et Honore,' in 8vo. Both books were mainly directed against King 

 James I. of England, but the first also contained fresh attacks on 

 1 1 1 nry IV. of France. In Paris and in London the books were publicly 

 burnt by the hangman, and in London Scioppius was hanged in effigy 

 (1612). Scioppius returned to Italy, but after a short stay there he 

 went in 1613 to Madrid. Here he became acquainted with the gram- 

 matical work of Sanchez, commonly known under the name of ' Sanctii 

 Minerva,' which turned his attention to grammatical speculations, and 

 which he subsequently made known in other parts of Europe. He 

 had not been long in Madrid when one evening he was dreadfully 

 beaten by some servants of the English ambassador, who, it is possible, 

 had ordered his servants to punish Scioppius for his insolence to wards 

 his royal master. Scioppius, not thinking himself safe in Spain, fled 

 to Ingolstadt, where he published his ' Legatus Latro,' addressed 

 against the English ambassador. Casaubon had defended the King of 

 England, and this circumstance gave Scioppius an opportunity of 

 resuming his warfare against the Protestants. 



In 1617 Scioppius again went to Italy, and settled at Milan, ever 

 continuing his bitter enmity against the Protestants, who, as he now 

 declared, ought all to be exterminated, with their women and children. 

 This proclamation of a religious war is contained in his ' Classicum 

 Belli Sacri, sive Heldus reclivivus,' Pavia, 1619. When his rage had 

 become exhausted he returned for a time to philological studies, and 

 wrote several very good grammatical works ; but this quiet mode of 

 life did not suit his quarrelsome temper. In 1630 he returned to 

 Germany, and requested from the diet of Regensburg a pension for his 

 services, which being refused through the influence of the Jesuits, he 

 became the most furious enemy of their whole order, though he had 

 before frequently lent them his support. His first works against the 

 Jesuits appeared without his name, but in 1634 he attacked them 

 openly in a work called ' Astrologia Ecclesiastical When he saw that 

 his own life became endangered by these ferocious attacks he retired 

 to Padua, where he began to occupy himself with writing a commentary 

 on the Apocalypse ; but before he had completed this work he died, 

 on the 19th of November 1649. 



Scioppius was a man of immense learning, of a prodigious memory, 

 and of great acuteness. In his knowledge of the Latin language he 

 had no equal. With his talents and learning he might have been as 

 great a man as Jos. Scaliger; but his quarrelsome disposition, his 

 strong inclination to satire, and his intolerance, constantly involved 

 him in disputes which reflect discredit upon his character. There 

 are nevertheless among his numerous works some which are still very 

 useful to scholars, especially those on the Latin language. The num- 

 ber of his works is stated to be 104, but he did not publish them all 

 under his real name ; many appeared under the fictitious names Nico- 

 demus Macer, Oporinus Grubinius, Pascasius Grosippus, Holofernes 

 Krigscederus, Mariangelus a Fano, and others. The following list 

 contains the most important of his works which have not been already 

 mentioned : ' Verisimilium Libri Quatuor, in quibus multa veterum 

 Scriptorum loca emendantur, augentur, et illustrantur,' 8vo, Niirnberg, 

 1595, and Amsterdam, 1662 ; 'Suspectarum Lectionum Libri Quinque, 

 in quibus ampliusducentislocisPlautus, plurimis Appuleius, Diomedes 

 Grammaticus, et alii, corriguntur,' 8vo, Niirnberg, 1597, and Amster- 

 dam, 1664; 'De Arte Critica et praecipue de altera ejus parte emen- 

 datrice, quaenam ratio in Lat. Scriptoribug ex ingenio emendandis 

 observari debeat Commentariolus,' 8vo, Niirnberg, 1597, and Amster- 

 dam, 1662 ; ' Elementa Philosophise Stoicse Moralis,' 8vo, Maynz, 1606 ; 

 'Grammatica Philosophica, sive Institutiones Grammaticse Latinae,' 

 8vo, Milan, 1628 (a new edition with additions appeared at Amsterdam, 

 8vo, 1664, and another at Franeker in 1704); ' Paradoxa Literaria, in 

 quibus multa de literis nova contra Ciceronis, Varronis, Quinctiliani, 

 aliorumque literatorum hominum, tarn veterum quam recentiorum, 

 sententiam disputantur,' 8vo, Milan, 1628, and Amsterdam, 1659 (this 

 work was published under the assumed name of Pascasius Grosippus); 

 ' Auctarium ad Grammaticam Philosophicam, ejusquo Rudimenta,' 

 8vo, Milan, 1629, and Amsterdam, 1664 (published under the name of 

 Mariangelus a Fano) ; 'Arcana Societatis Jesu publico bono vulgata, 

 cum Appendicibus utilissimis,' 8vo, 1635 ; ' Consultationes de Schola- 

 rum et Studiorum Ratione, deque Prudentise et Eloquentise parandse 

 Modis,' 12mo, Padua, 1836, and 8vo, Amsterdam, 1660 and 1665 :' Mer- 

 curius Quadrilinguis, id est, de Linguarum ac nominatim Latinse, 

 Germanicse, Grsecae, et Hebraeso nova et compendiaria Discendi 

 Ratione,' 8vo, Basel, 1637. Scioppius also wrote notes on the 

 'Minerva' of Sanctius, which first appeared at Padua in 1663, and 

 which have subsequently been incorporated in the various editions of 

 the ' Minerva.' 



SCI'PIO is the name of a family belonging to the patrician gens 



Cornelia. This illustrious family produced some of the greatest men 

 in Roman history ; we shall subjoin a complete list of those mem- 

 bers of the family whose names have been handed down by historical 

 records. The tirat Scipio mentioned in Roman history is 



1. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, whom, in B.C. 396, the dictator Camillas 

 appointed master of the horse. (Liv., v. 19.) The Fasti of thia year 

 however do not mention him, but state that P. Cornelius Maluginensis 

 was the magiater equitum of Camillas. A short time afterwards 

 (B.C. 394) Scipio is mentioned among the military tribune* (Liv., v. 24), 

 and a second time in the following year. (Liv., v. 26.) In the year 

 B.C. 389 he was appointed interrez (Liv., v. 31), and two years after he 

 held the same office a second time. 



2. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO is mentioned as one of the first curule 

 aodiles, which office was instituted in B.O. 366. He is probably the 

 same man who was magister equitum under Manlius, B.C. 350. (Liv., 

 vii. 24.) 



3. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO was interrex in B.C. 352. (Liv., vii. 21.) 



4. P. CORNELIUS Scirio BARBATUS was, according to the Fast. Cons., 

 consul with C. Plautius in the year B.C. 328 ; but Livy (viii. 22) calls 

 the colleague of Plautius P. Cornelius Scapula. Scipio Barbatus was 

 made dictator in B.C. 306, to hold the comitia for the election of the 

 consuls, for the actual consuls were engaged in a war against the 

 Samnites. (Liv., ix. 44.) A year later he appears as pontifex maximus. 

 (Liv., ix. 46.) 



5. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO was consul B.C. 298, and gained a victory 

 over the Etruscans in the neighbourhood of Fregelke. (Liv., x. 12.) 

 He is probably the sat le who, three years afterwards (B.C. 295), appears 

 in another war against the Etruscans ; and was left as propraetor at 

 the head of the Roman camp while the praotor Appius went to Koine. 

 (Liv., x. 25, 26.) 



6. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO ASINA. He ia the first member of the 

 family from whom we are able to trace the pedigree of tho Scipios 

 with certainty. The story about the origin of his surname Asina is 

 related by Macrobius. (' Sat.,' i. 6.) He was consul at the time of 

 the first Punic war (B.C. 260), together with C. Duilius, and obtained 

 the command of the fleet ; but in his attempt to take the island of 

 Liparso, he was blocked up by the Carthaginians with seventeen 

 vessels in a port of the island. His soldiers escaped on land, but 

 Scipio himself surrendered to the enemy. (Polyb., i. 21.) Livy 

 (' Epit.,' 17) gives another account of tho manner in which he was 

 made prisoner. He must however have obtained his liberty soon 

 after, for he was consul a second time in the year B.C. 254 (Val. Max., 

 vi. 9, 11), with A. Atilius Calatinus. He and his colleague took 

 Panormus, the largest town in the Carthaginian part of Sicily, and then 

 returned to Rome in triumph. (Polyb., i. 38.) Further particulars 

 of his life are not known. 



7. P- CORNELIUS SCIPIO ASINA, son of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina. 

 He was consul, in B.C. 221, with M. Minucius Rufus, and made a 

 successful campaign against the Istri, who harassed the Romans by 

 their piracy. (Oros., iv. 13.) Four years after (B.C. 217) ho was 

 appointed interrex, to hold the comitia for electing the consuls. 

 (Liv., xxii. 34.) In the year B.C. 211, when the news arrived that 

 Hannibal was advancing with his army towards Rome, it was Scipio's 

 advice to give up all Italy, and to draw all the armies within the 

 walls of the city. (Liv., xxvi. 8.) 



8. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, a brother of Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina. 

 He was consul in B.C. 259, with C. Aquillius Florus. He put the fleet 

 of the Carthaginians to flight, and attacked them in Corsica and 

 Sardinia, and destroyed the towns of Aleria and Olbia. For these 

 services he was honoured with a triumph. (Liv., ' Epit.,' 17 ; Flor., 

 ii. 2, 16; VaL Max., v. 1, 2.) The year after his consulship (B.C. 258) 

 he is mentioned in the ' Fast. Cap.' as censor. 



9. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, son of L. Cornelius Scipio. He was consul 

 in the first year of the second Punic war (B.C. 218). While his 

 colleague T. Sempronius Longus was sent with the fleet to Sicily, 

 Scipio went to Spain ; but when he heard that Hannibal was already pre- 

 paring to cross the Rhodanus (Rhone), he returned by sea to Massilia. 

 The sufferings of his soldiers from this voyage prevented him from 

 going up the Rhone immediately ; and when, after the lapse of three 

 days, he set out to meet Hannibal, the latter had already advanced into 

 the interior of Gaul. Scipio therefore sent a part of his troops, under 

 his brother Cneiua, who was his legate, to Spain, and with the rest ho 

 embarked for Italy, to join the other Roman forces there, and to 

 attack Hannibal on his descent from the Alps. An engagement 

 between the Carthaginian and Roman horse took place on the Ticiuus, 

 in which the Romans were defeated, and Scipio was wounded, and 

 compelled to retire across the river Po. He took up a position near 

 Placentia, but he was induced by the Gauls to fortify himself on the 

 Trebia, and to wait for the arrival of Semprouius, who had been called 

 back from Sicily. When the latter arrived, Scipio, still suffering 

 from his wound, advised him not to engage in a battle with Hannibal ; 

 but Sempronius, anxious to strike a decisive blow, and seeing that 

 the enemy only profited by delay, offered battle. He was defeated, 

 and the Carthaginians became masters of nearly the whole of Northern 

 Italy. (Polyb., iii. 40, &c. ; Liv., xxi. 32, &c.) 



In the summer of the year B.C. 217, Scipio, whose impenum was 

 prolonged at the end of his consulship, went to Spain with a fleet of 

 20 ships and 8000 land-troops (Polyb., iii 97), to join his brother 



