357 



BCIPIO. 



SCOPAS. 



Untersudhung,' Basel, 1839; and 'Zimmermann, Zeitschrift fiir die 

 AlterthumswiBsenscbaft,' 1841, No. 52.) 



16. L. CORNELIUS SCJPIO, son of L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticua (No. 

 14). He was quaestor in B.O. 167. (Liv., xly. 44; Val. Max., v. 1, 1 ; 

 comp. Pighius, ' Annal. ad An.' 591.) 



17. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO, son of L. Cornelius Scipio (No. 16). 

 According to Pigbius be was quaestor in B.C. 96, sodilis curulis in B.C. 

 92, and praetor in B.C. 89 and 88. In B.C. 83 he was consul with C. 

 Junius Norbanus, and marched against Sulla, but ho was suddenly 

 abandoned by his whole army, which had been worked upon by the 

 agents of Sulla. Soipio was taken prisoner with his son Lucius. He 

 was then indeed let go, but in B.C. 82 he was sent into exile, and spent 

 the remainder of his life at Massilia. (Appian, 'Civil.,' i. 82, &c. ; Liv., 

 ' Epit.,' 85 ; Cic., ' Pro. Sext.,' 3 ; ' Ad Att.,' is. 15.) Cicero (' Brut./ 

 47) says of him, "dicebat non imperite." 



18. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, son of Cn. Cornelius Scipio 

 Calvus (No. 10). In the year B.C. 203, when yet a young man, and even 

 before he had been quaestor, he was declared by the senate to be the 

 best of all good citizens, and commissioned to go with the Roman 

 matrons to Ostia to receive the statue of the Idaean mother, which had 

 been brought from Pcssinus. (Liv., xxix. 14.) In B.C. 200 he was one 

 of the triumvirs to complete the number of colonists in Venusia. 

 (Liv., xxxi. 49.) In B.C. 196 he was curule aedile (Liv., xxxiii. 25) ; in 

 B.C. 194 he was praetor (Liv., xxxiv. 42), and the year following pro- 

 praetor in Spain (Liv., xxxv. 1), where he fought several successful 

 battles to the west of the Iberus. In B.C. 192 he was a candidate for 

 the consulship, but he was not elected, notwithstanding his success 

 in Spain, and notwithstanding the support of his cousin the great 

 Africanus. (Liv., xxxv. 10.) But the following year he was more 

 successful ; he became consul with M. Acilius Glabrio (Liv., xxxv. 24), 

 and gained a signal victory and a triumph over the Boians. (Liv., 

 xxxvi. 38.) When L. Scipio Asiaticus was accused, Nasica came 

 forward as his advocate. (Liv., xxxviii. 58.) In B.C. 184 he was a 

 candidate for the censorship, but M. Portius Cato was preferred to 

 him. (Liv., xxxix. 40.) In B.C. 183 and 182 he was one of the 

 triumvirs to establish a Latin colony at Aquileia. (Liv. xxxix, 55; 

 xl. 34.) In B.C. 171 Spanish ambassadors came to Rome to complain 

 of the extortions of their Roman governors, and when the senate 

 granted them the privilege of choosing patrons to conduct their cause 

 at Rome, Scipio Nasica was one of the patrons. (Liv., xliii. 2 ; 

 compare Cic., ' De Orat.,' iii. 33.) 



19. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA CORCULUM, son of P. Corn. 

 Scipio Nasica (No. 18). He was married to a daughter of Scipio 

 Africanus Major, and distinguished himself in the campaign of 

 jEmilius Paullus in Macedonia. (Liv. xliv. 35, &c. ; Polyb., xxix. 6.) 

 In B.C. 162 he was consul, but only for a short time, for he and his 

 colleague were obliged to abdicate, because a mistake had been made 

 in the auguries for the election. (Cic., ' De Nat. Deor.,' ii. 4 ; ' De 

 Div.,' ii. 35.) In B.C. 159 he was censor with C. Popillius Laenas, and 

 they made a decree, that only the statues of those men should remain 

 standing in the Forum who had held a magistracy, and that all the 

 others should be removed. (Plin., ' Hist. Nat.,' xxxiv. 14 ; Aurel. 

 Viet., ' De Vir. Illustr.,' 44.) Scipio in his censorship introduced at 

 Rome the use of a public clepsydra, and built a portico on the 

 Capitol. In his second consulship, B.C. 155, he gained a victory over 

 the Dalmatians, and took the town of Delminium. (Liv., ' Epit.,' 47 ; 

 Aurel. Viet., L c.) During this year there occurred a proof of the 

 stem severity of his character, and of his influence : at his proposal 

 the senate ordered a theatre to be pulled down, the erecting of which 

 had been approved by the censors, and which was very near its com- 

 pletion. Scipio thought a theatre injurious to the morals of the 

 Romans. (Liv., ' Epit.,' 48.) When Cato insisted upon the destruc- 

 tion of Carthage, Scipio Corculum opposed him on the ground that 

 the existence of such a rival as Carthage was most wholesome to Rome 

 itself, as a check against corruption. (Plut., 'Cat. Maj.' 27.) In B.C. 

 150 he became pontifex maximus. Respecting his talents as an orator 

 and his studies, see Cic., ' Brut.,' 20, and ' De Senect.,' 14. 



20. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA SERAPIO, son of P. Cornelius 

 Scipio Nasica Corculum (No. 19). Before the outbreak of the third 

 Punic war he was quaestor, and commissioned, with the consuls 

 Censorinus and Manilius (B.C. 149), to demand from the Carthaginians 

 the delivery of their arms to the Romans. (Appian, viii. 80.) His 

 suit for the aedilesbip was unsuccessful. (Cic., ' Pro Plane.,' 21 ; Val. 

 Max., vii. 5, 2, in which passage however he is confounded with P. 

 Corn. Scip. Nasica (No. 18.) In B.C. 138 he was consul with D. Junius 

 Brutus Gallaicus. These two consuls were thrown into prison by the 

 tribunes of the people, because they were too severe in raising soldiers 

 for their armies. (Liv., 'Ep.,' 55; Cic.. 'De Legg.,' iii. 9.) The chief 

 enemy of Scipio among the tribunes was Curiatius, and it is he who 

 is said to have given him the nickname Serapio. Scipio was a man of 

 vehement and irascible temper (Cic., ' Brut.,' 28), and of inflexible 

 aristocratic principles. His hatred of the measures of Tib. Gracchus 

 was so great, that during the election of the tribunes he placed himself 

 at the bead of his party in their attack upon Gracchus in the Capitol. 

 This enraged the people so much against him, that the senate thought 

 it advisable to send him on an embassy to Asia, although as pontifex 

 maximus he was not allowed to quit Italy. He died at Pergamus soon 

 after his arrival in Asia. (Plut.,'Tib. Graccb.,'21; Cic., 'Pros.Flacc.,'31.) 



21. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASIOA, son of P. Cornel. Scipio Nuica 

 Serapio (No. 20). He was consul in B.C. Ill with L. Calpurniua Piao 

 Bestia, who went out against Jugurtha, while Scipio remained in Italy. 

 (Sallust., ' Jug.,' 27.) He ia described as a man who was inaccessible 

 to bribes, and throughout hia life behaved in the most exemplary 

 manner. (Diodor., ' Fragm.,' xxxiv., p. 214, ed. Tauchnitz.) He died 

 during his consulship. (Cic., 'Brut.,' 34.) Cicero saye that in wit 

 and humour he excelled everybody. 



22. P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO NASICA, son of P. Cornel Soipio Nasica 

 (No. 21). He was prsetor in B.C. 94. He in mentioned by Cicero 

 (' Pro Rose. Am.,' 27) as one of the advocati of Roacius of Ameria. 

 His wife was Licinia, the daughter of the orator L. Craaeus. (Cic., 

 'Brut.,' 58.) He was the father of L. Liciniua Crassua Scipio, whom 

 Crassus the orator made his adoptive Bon, and of Q. Metellus Piiu 

 Scipio, who was adopted by Q. Metellus Piua, and wa father-in-law 

 of Pompey. Metellus Scipio was defeated by Caesar, and fell in Africa. 



23. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, the son of a brother of the 

 two Scipios who fell in Spain (No. 9 and 10). He was consul in 

 B.C. 176, but during his consulship he waa seized with a paralytic 

 stroke, and died at the baths of Cumae. (Liv., xli. 20.) 



24. CN. CORNELIUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, son of Cn. Cora. Scipio 

 Hispallus (No. 23). In B.c. 149 he was with Scipio Nasica (No. 20) 

 among the commissioners to Carthage. (Appian, viii. 80.) In B.C. 139 

 he was praetor, and promulgated an edict according to which all 

 Chaldseans (astrologers) were to quit Rome, and Italy within ten day?. 

 (Val. Max., i. 3, 2, who calls him Caius Corn. Hispallua.) 



25. CN. CORNEUUS SCIPIO HISPALLUS, son of Cn. Corn. Scipio 

 Hispallus (No. 24;. He is mentioned only by Valerius Maximus (vL 

 3, 3), who says that he was compelled to give up his province of Spain, 

 to which he had been sent as quaestor, on account of his inability, and 

 that afterwards he was condemned for dishonest conduct. 



26. L. CORNELIUS SCIPEO HISPALLUS, son of Cn. Corn. Scipio His- 

 pallus (No. 24). Pighius ('Annal. ad. An.,' 646) thinks that he is the 

 same of whom Appian (' Civil.,' i. 41) says that in the Marsian war he 

 and L. Acilius were compelled to escape from ^Esernia in the attire of 

 slaves. 



For the history of the family of the Scipios compare Orelli, ' Ono- 

 masticon Tullianum,' p. 183, &c.; Paully, ' Real-Encyclopsedie der 

 Alterthumswissenschaft,' vol. ii., p. 650, &c. 



The family tomb of the Scipios was first discovered in 1616, but it 

 was soon forgotten, as few of its ruins had been laid open, and doubts 

 were raised as to its genuineness. In 1780 the tomb was again dis- 

 covered close by the modern gate of S. Sebastian. Visccnti and the 

 pope took great interest in the discovery, and in the course of a year 

 the whole catacomb, though in a dilapidated state, was cleared and 

 laid open. The inscriptions and other curiosities, among which we 

 may mention the beautiful sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, were trans- 

 ferred to the Museum Pio-Clementinum at Rome. The monuments 

 with their inscriptions are described in 'Monument! degli Scipioni, 

 publicati dal Cavaliere Francesco Piranesi,' Roma, folio, 1785 ; and in 

 Lanzi, 'Saggio,' vol. i., p. 150, &c. For the inscriptions see Orelli, 

 ' Inscript. Lat.,' n. 550-559. 



SCOPAS, a celebrated sculptor, born in the island of Paros. Pliuy 

 (' Hist. Nat.,' xxxiv. 8) makes Scopas contemporary with Ageladas, 

 Polycletus, Myron, and other distinguished artists who were living in 

 the 87th Olympiad; but from various circumstances, it seems probable 

 that he did not nourish till a somewhat later period. Like many 

 artists of antiquity, he united the two professions of sculpture and 

 architecture ; and the temple of Minerva Alea, at T^gea in Arcadia, 

 was constructed under his direction. (Pausanias, viii. 45.) The date 

 of the destruction of the temple which the new edifice was intended 

 to replace, and the period at which another work on which Scopas 

 was employed was completed, materially assist in establishing the age 

 of this artist. Pausanias says the older temple referred to was burned 

 during the archonship, in Athens, of Diophantus, in the second year 

 of the 96th Olympiad (about B.C. 388) ; and Pliny (xxxvi. 5) tells us 

 that Scopas was one of the sculptors employed on the tomb erected in 

 honour of Mausolus, king of Caria, by Artemisia, his queen, who died 

 (before the work was completed) in the 107th Olympiad, or about 

 B.C. 350. Scopas, it is true, may have been living at the same time 

 with some of the later artists mentioned by Pliny, but a calculation 

 of the above dates will sufficiently prove almost the impossibility of 

 his practising as a contemporary artist with the great sculptors pre- 

 ceding and forming the Phidian age and school, and likewise exercising 

 his art at a date so distant from their time as three hundred and fifty 

 years before our era. He lived between B.C. 400 and 300, and most 

 probably in the first half of that century. 



Pliny furnishes a copious list of works by this artist. Among those 

 which he says were particularly worthy of admiration was a series of 

 figures representing Neptune, Thetis, Achilles, Nereids mounted on 

 dolphins, and attended by Tritons and other marine monsters. All 

 these " were from the hand of Scopas," and Pliny adds, " it was a 

 splendid work ('praeclarum opus') sufficient for the fame of his whole 

 life." It was preserved in the temple of Cneius Domitius, in the Circus 

 Flaminius at Rome. The same writer also mentions two statues oi 

 Venus, one of Pothos, or Desire, one of Apollo, and a much admire 

 Vesta in a sitting attitude ; also a colossal sitting figure of Mars, ar 

 a Bacchus at Cnidus. Pliny tells us there was a doubt in n: 



