411 



SERGIUS II. 



SERTORIUS, QUINTUS. 



412 



of securing his consent. The Exarch John came to Rome, and finding 

 that Sergius had been elected by the majority, requested him to pay 

 him what Paschal had promised, and upon Sergius demurring, the 

 Exarch took several valuables from the church of St. Peter. Paschal 

 was accused of sorcery, tried, and sentenced to be degraded and con- 

 fined in a monastery, where he died. One of the first transactions of 

 Sergius was to baptise Cedwalla, king of the West Saxons, who had 

 come to Rome for that purpose. He also contributed to the diffusion 

 of Christianity in Saxony and other countries by means of missionaries, 

 In C91 the Emperor Justinian II. assembled a general council at Con- 

 stantinople, which being held in a hall of the palace which was sur- 

 mounted by a dome ('trulleum'), has been styled 'Concilium in Trullo.' 

 It has also been called Quini-sextum, as being supplementary to the 

 fifth and sixth cocumenic councils, which had published no canons of 

 discipline or religious ceremonies. The council ' in trullo ' was pur- 

 posely assembled to supply this deficiency; one hundred and fifty 

 bishops were present at it, and it passed more than one hundred 

 canons on matters of discipline and ceremonies, six of which being in 

 opposition to the practice of the Western or Roman Church, the 

 council was not approved of by Sergius, although his legate who 

 attended the council had concurred in it. One of these canons 

 enacted that married candidates for the priesthood might retain their 

 wives after their ordination. There were also some points of dogma 

 concerning the two natures of Christ and the Virgin Mary, in .which 

 the council and the pope did not agree. Justinian, irritated at the 

 opposition of Sergius, sent Zacharias, his protospatarius, or general-in- 

 chief, to Rome with orders to arrest Sergius and bring him prisoner to 

 Constantinople. But the garrison of the Exarch at Rome took the 

 pope's part, and Zacharias was obliged to take refuge iu the pope's 

 apartments, whence he was sent back safely to Greece. A revolution, 

 headed by Leontiu?, one of his generals, took place at Constantinople 

 soon after, when Justinian was seized, mutilated, and banished to the 

 Crimea, in 695. Leontius did not long enjoy the fruits of his crime, 

 for he was seized himself, and mutilated by Tiberius Apsimerus, who 

 became emperor, and allowed the Church of Rome and the pope to 

 remain undisturbed. Sergius occupied himself in restoring the church 

 of St. Peter, which had been greatly dilapidated. He died in 701, a'nd 

 was succeeded by John VI. 



SERGIUS II., a native of Rome, was elected to succeed Gregory IV., 

 in 844, and was consecrated without waiting for the approbation of 

 the Emperor Lotharius, who sent his son and colleague Louis into 

 Italy with an army. Louis came to Rome, where he was received by 

 the pope and clergy in a friendly manner, and was crowned king of 

 Italy. The soldiers of Louis however committed great devastation in 

 the surrounding country and in the suburbs of the city, but the pope 

 at last induced Louis to withdraw his troops to the north. Soon after 

 the Saracens from Africa came up the Tiber and ravaged the country, 

 plundering the churches of St. Peter and St. Paul, which were outside 

 of the walls, but they could not enter Rome. They then proceeded 

 by the Via Appia to Fondi, which they sacked. Sergius died in 847. 



SERGIUS III. was elected in 904, by the Tuscan party, as it was 

 called, because it was headed by Adelbert, marquis of Tuscany, and of 

 which two Roman ladies of licentious character, Marozia and her 

 mother Theodora, were the most influential leaders. They had deposed 

 and imprisoned Christopher, who had imprisoned the preceding pope 

 Leo V., and had forced him to resign his see to him. Sergius had had 

 a son by Marozia, who was afterwards pope by the name of John X. 

 Sergius seems to have been a man of some abilities ; his character 

 has been variously represented by different writers. The history of 

 Rome, during the 10th century, is extremely obscure, though it is evi- 

 dent by all concurrent testimonies that it was a most profligate age, 

 and Sergius was certainly not free from the prevalent profligacy. He 

 died in 913, and was succeeded by Anastasius IV. 



SERGIUS IV., a native of Rome, succeeded John XVIII. in 1009. 

 He encouraged the princes of Italy to unite in order to drive away the 

 Saracens, who had occupied several parts of the peninsula. It was 

 in his time that the Normans began to muster in South Italy. Sergius 

 died in 1012, and was succeeded by Benedict VIII. 



SE'RLIO, SEBASTIA'NO, an Italian architect, whose writings were 

 long considered of authority in matters of art, was born at Bologna in 

 1475. The study of Vitruvius inspired him with an eager desire of 

 obtaining greater insight into the practice of the anciente, by examin- 

 ing and making drawings of what remained of their structures, at 

 that time the only method by which any knowledge of them could be 

 acquired ; there being no accurate delineations published for the in- 

 struction of those who could not visit the edifices themselves. After 

 staying some time at Pesaro, Serlio proceeded to the Venetian States, 

 where he employed himself in examining and measuring the amphi- 

 theatre and bridges at Verona. He subsequently visited Vicenza, where 

 he erected a theatre, and Venice, where he made designs for the church 

 of San Francesco delle Vigne. During his residence in Venice, he 

 became acquainted with Sanmicheli, Sansovino, and other architects 

 of note ; and he Limself would doubtless have found employment 

 there, being noticed by the Doge Andrea Gritti, if his passion for 

 exploring antiquities had not induced him to pass over to Pola, of 

 whose amphitheatre and other Roman remains he was the first to 

 publish any architectural account. On his return he examined those 

 of Ancona, Spoleto, &c., and afterwards those of Rome, many of which 



are introduced as illustrations, but certainly not as embellishments, in 

 his work on architecture, they being there represented in most coarsely 

 drawn and executed woodcuts. It was while he was at Rome that he 

 composed his treatise on the five orders, for a copy of which he was 

 complimented by Francis L with three hundred gold crowns. Invited 

 to France by that monarch in 1541, he waa there appointed architect 

 at the palace of Fontainebleau, and was also commissioned to under- 

 take the court of the Louvre, but generously declined in favour of 

 Lescot, whose designs he recommended to be adopted as being superior 

 to his own. After the death of his royal patron he retired to Lyon, 

 where he remained for some time in exceedingly straitened if not in 

 indigent circumstances ; but he returned again to Fontainebleau, and 

 died there in 1552. His reputation rests chiefly upon his writings, 

 ' Opere di Architettura, Libri Sei,' which display rnoro study and 

 learning than taste; and which, highly as they were at one time 

 esteemed, possess little real value at the present day. 



SERTO'RIUS, QUINTUS, was a native of Nursia, in the country 

 of the Sabines. He lost his father very early, but his mother bestowed 

 great care upon his education, and the son in return for her kindness 

 entertained for her through life the most tender affection. After hia 

 education was completed, he tried his fortune at Rome as an orator, 

 and thereby acquired considerable influence. (Plut., ' Sert.,' 2 ; Cic., 

 'Brut.,' 48.) But he soon turned his attention to military affairs, and 

 the first time that he distinguished himself was during the campaign 

 of Marius against the Cimbri and Teutones. At the end of this 

 campaign he was sent to Spain as tribune under the prector Didius, 

 and spent the winter in the Celtiberian town of Castalo. Here again 

 he attracted much attention by his courage and prudence. After his 

 return to Rome, when the Marsic war was breaking out, he was made 

 quEestor of Gallia Circumpadaua and commissioned to levy troops, 

 which he (Plut., ^Sert.,' 4) accomplished with the greatest success, 

 but his exertions caused him the loss of one of his eyes. (Plut. and 

 Sallust., ' ap. Gell.,' ii. 27.) On his return to Rome he was a candidate 

 for the tribuneship of the people, but was defeated by the party of 

 Sulla. Sertorius now joined the party of Cinna and Marius, not 

 because he approved of their proceedings, but because he detested the 

 ruling aristocrats. After the Marian party was defeated and Marius 

 himself driven from Italy, Cinna and Sertorius raised fresh troops in 

 Italy and held out against their opponents. When Marius returned 

 from Africa (B.C. 87) and took bloody vengeance upon his enemies, 

 Sertorius was the only one of the party who showed moderation ; how 

 much he was in earnest in this matter is evident from the fact that 

 after the death of Marius he put to death 4000 slaves who had been 

 the body-guard of Marius and had perpetrated every possible crime 

 against the citizens. (Plut., ' Sert.,' 5.) When Sulla returned to Italy 

 in B.C. 83, and Sertorius saw that all would be lost, and that the 

 consuls Scipio and Norbanus paid no regard to his advice, he contrived 

 to be made proconsiil of Spain, and went to his province, where he 

 hoped to prepare a refuge for his friends if they should be defeated in 

 Italy. (Plut,, ' Sert.,' 6 ; Appian, ' Civil.,' i. 108.) 



In Spain he began his new career, in which he displayed prudence 

 and courage tempered with humanity. Spain had hitherto, with few 

 exceptions, been preyed upon by avaricious governors. Sertorius 

 listened to the just complaints of the natives, whom he attempted to 

 blend with the Romans as much as possible. The gi'eat among the 

 Spaniards were gained by his affability, and the poor by his reduction 

 of taxes. At the same time he carried on his preparations for the 

 approaching war with the utmost energy, and kept both Romans and 

 Spaniards in constant exercise. "When he heard that Sulla was in 

 possession of Rome, and that his own party was defeated, he sent 

 Julius Salinator with 6000 heavy-armed troops to take possession of 

 the passes iu the Pyrenees. About the same time C. Annius, a Sullanian 

 general, arrived at the Pyrenees, but tried in vain to effect a pa-sage. 

 Salinator was treacherously slain and his army dispersed, and Anuius 

 now crossed the Pyrenees. Sertorius, who was too much weakened 

 by this event to offer any resistance, retreated to New Carthage, and, 

 accompanied by a few faithful followers, he cruised for a time iu the 

 Mediterranean. He made a landing in Africa, where he aided one of 

 the native princes, and defeated Paccianus, one of the generals of 

 Sulla. After having had an encounter with a large fleet of Anuius, 

 and after having escaped from a heavy storm, he again landed in Spain 

 near the mouth of the river Baetis. Here he heard an account of the 

 delightful climate of the Insulae Fortunate (the Cauary Islands), and 

 was greatly inclined to withdraw thither and to spend the remainder 

 of his life in quiet. (Plut., ' Sert.,' 8, 9.) His men however involved 

 him in another military undertaking in Africa, and his great success 

 induced the Lusitanians, who were oppressed by cruel and rapacious 

 governors of the Sullanian party to invite Sertorius to the supreme 

 command among them. This invitation came just at the moment 

 when he was considering whither he should retire. (Plut., ' Sert.,' 10.) 

 Sulla was now dead, and Sertorius, being at such a distance from 

 Rome and little acquainted with the real state of affairs there, con- 

 ceived new hopes of ultimate success, and gladly accepted the invita- 

 tion. Ou his appearance in Lusitauia, the Romans as well as the 

 Spaniards immediately declared for him. He now began to make 

 war upon four Roman generals who were in possession of the greater 

 part of Spain, and had great armies at their command. Sertorius 

 defeated Cotta near Mellaria in a sea-fight, and Aufidius in Baetica, 



