601 



SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS. 



SIEYES, EMMANUEL JOSEPH. 



602 



beheaded iu February 1600; and she again married Richard de Burgh, 

 known as the Great Earl of Clanricardo. Sidney's 'Stella,' Lady Rich, 

 afterwards caused great scandal by her unfortunate connection with 

 Mountjoy, earl of Devonshire. Mrs. Jameson, in her ' Romance of 

 Biography,' gives an interesting account of this lady. Sidney left one 

 child, Elizabeth, countess of Rutland, who died without issue. 



Besides the works before enumerated, he contributed poems to 

 'England's Helicon,' ' England's Parnassus,' and 'Davidson's Rhapsody.' 

 An English version of the ' Psalms ' and ' Valour Anatomised into a 

 Fancy,' published in 1581, attributed by some to Sir Thomas Overbury, 

 are his other remains. For the modern reader, Gray's edition of his 

 miscellaneous works, published at Oxford in 1829, leaves little to be 

 desired. 



(Wood, A thence; Fuller, Worthies; Sidney Papers; Sir R. Naunton, 

 Fragmenta Regalia; British Bibliographer ; Dr. Zouch, Life, <fcc.) 



SIDO'NIUS APOLLINA'RIS, a Latin writer, or with his full 

 name, C. SOLLIUS APOLLINARIS MODESTUS SIDONIUS, was born in the 

 province of Gallia Lugdunensis, A.D. 428. His works consist of several 

 poems, chiefly panegyrics and epithalamia, and nine books of epistles, 

 which possess some historical value ; but the style and language of 

 his prose, as well as poetry, bear evident traces of the downfall of 

 the Latin language and literature. Sidonius was a person of high 

 rauk. He lived, as appears from his epistles, on intimate terms with 

 Theodoric, king of the Visigoths. He was the son-in-law of the 

 emperor Avitus, whom he praises in a panegyric of 600 verses, for 

 which he was rewarded with a bronze statue placed in one of the por- 

 ticoes belonging to Trajan's library ; and on the inauguration of the 

 Emperor Anthemius at Rome, he obtained the office of prsefect of the 

 city, as a reward for the panegyric which he pronounced upon the 

 occasion. Sidonius was made bishop of Arverni (Clermont) in A.D. 

 473, and died in 484. 



The first edition of Sidonius was printed at Milan in 1498. The 

 best editions are by Sirmondus, Paris, 4to, 1614, and Labbeus, Paris, 

 4 to, 1652. 



(Germain, Essai Litteraire et Historique sur Apollinaris Sidonius, 

 Montpellier, 8vo, 1840.) 



SIEGEN, LUDWIG VON", the inventor of mezzotinto engraving, 

 was born in Utrecht in 1609, of an ancient and noble family of West- 

 phalia. His mother was a native of Holland, but of Spanish origin ; 

 her name was Anna Perez, and Johann von Siegen, the father of 

 Ludwig, was her second husband. Ludwig was the third son of his 

 parents. In 1619 Ludwig's mother died, and his father Johann 

 entered in the following years into the service of Prince Maurice of 

 Hesse and removed to Cassel, where he was placed at the head of the 

 Collegium Mauritianum, founded for the education of nobles by that 

 prince in 1617- Ludwig von Siegen was educated in this college, and 

 was also appointed page to one of the princes. He remained in Cassel 

 until 1626, when the inhabitants of the place were dispersed to various 

 parts in consequence of the plague. Maurice resigned the government 

 in the year following, and his successor William V. suspended the 

 college altogether. Johann von Siegen retired to Juliers and after- 

 wards to Kampen in Holland, where he died in 1655. 



Nothing is known of the life of Ludwig Von Siegen from the time 

 that he left the college of Cassel in 1626 until 1637, except that he 

 was in France and Holland, and it is probable that he was doing 

 military service in this time. In 1637 after the death of the Land- 

 grave of Hesse, he was appointed page to the young prince William 

 VI., by his mother the regent Amelia Elizabeth of Hanau, and ia two 

 years afterwards he received the title of Kammerjunker, and served 

 in that capacity until 1641. It was during these yeara, between 1637 

 and 1641, that Siegen discovered his new method of engraving, but he 

 removed in 1641, or in the beginning of 1642, to Amsterdam, without 

 imparting hia secret in Germany. On the 19th of August 1642 he 

 sent a letter from Amsterdam to the Landgrave, inclosing some proofs 

 of a portrait of his mother Amelia Elizabeth, and the plate of these 

 prints is the first mezzotinto engraving. Siegen speaks of his portrait 

 in the letter referred to as executed in a new and astonishing manner, 

 invented by him ; and he further observes, that no engaver will be 

 able to devise the manner in which it was executed. This letter still 

 exists among the archives in the library of Cassel, and a fac-simile of 

 it is given in Laborde's ' Histoire de la Gravure en Maniere Noire,' 

 (' History of Mezzotinto Engraving '). 



The earliest mezzotinto engraving, though as the above letter shows, 

 printed in 1642, was not published until 1643, when it appeared with 

 the date altered to that year, together with a portrait of Elizabeth of 

 Hungary ; and the prints drawn off by Siegen himself, not already 

 disposed of, were altered with a pen to the same date ; specimens of 

 all three still exist. It is a bust portrait, 16 French inches high by 12 

 wide, and is rounded at the top. 



After the termination of the Thirty Years War in 1648, Siegen left 

 Holland and entered the military service of the Duke of Wolfenbuttel, 

 and he married shortly afterwards the daughter of Michel Call, the 

 bailiff of Hildesheim, by whom he had several children. In 1654 he 

 returned to Holland, and visited also Cologne, where he resumed the 

 style of Siegen von Sechten, from the name of his paternal estate 

 near Cologne, to part of the rents of which he had become entitled. 

 From Cologne he went to Brussels, and there he became acquainted 

 with Prince Rupert, to whom he communicated his new method 



of engraving. Prince Rupert, to enable him to carry out this new 

 method, communicated it to the portrait painter Wallerant Vaillaut, 

 who assisted him in his attempts, and engraved several plates in the 

 style at Brussels and at Frankfurt, in 1656 and 1658 ; a few good 

 prints were also executed by Prince Rupert himself. The secret is 

 however said to have been sold by one of Siegen's sons already in tho 

 year 1656, and was known at that time at Mainz. This general publi- 

 cation of his discovery, forced Siegen to sign himself, on one or two 

 of his prints of this period, as the inventor of this new method of 

 engraving. 



It was however in England that mezzotinto engraving was first cul- 

 tivated to any very great extent or with very great success. In 1660, 

 Prince Rupert accompanied Charles II. to England, and explained the 

 whole process of the new art to his friend Evelyn, who was then 

 engaged on his history of engraving ; and in this book, which was 

 published in 1662, he describes it as Prince Rupert's, and published a 

 specimen of the style by the prince. Through this work, entitled ' Sculp- 

 tura, or the history and art of Chalcography, and engraving in copper, 

 with an ample enumeration of the most renowned masters and their 

 works, to which is annexed a new manner of engraving or mezzo- 

 tinto, communicated by his Highness Prince Rupert to the author of 

 this treatise,' Prince Rupert was generally considered the inventor of 

 mezzotinto. Evelyn precisely though briefly states that Prince Rupert 

 was the inventor of the art, yet from a paper which he himself drew 

 up on the subject, to be read before the Royal Society as a communica- 

 tion from the prince himself, the invention is not claimed by the 

 prince, and this paper is noticed by Evelyn in hi? history, as iu pre- 

 paration : it was vritten, but was never read before the Royal Society. 

 In his history, Evelyn heads his sixth chapter with the following 

 words : ' Of the new way of engraving, or Mezzotinto, invented and 

 communicated by his Highness Prince Rupert Count Palatine of 

 Rhyne, &c.' In the paper prepared for the Royal Society, the follow- 

 ing passnge occurs : " This invention, or new manner of chalcography, 

 was the result of chance, and improved by a German soldier, who, 

 espying some scrape on the barrel of his musquet, and being of an 

 ingenious spirit, refined upon it, till it produced the effects you have 

 seen, and which indeed is for the delicacy therefore much superior to 

 any invention extant of this art, for the imitation of those masterly 

 drawings, and as the Italians call 'it that morbidezza expressed in the 

 best of their designs. I have the honour to be the first of the English 

 to whom it has been yet communicated, and by a special indulgence of 

 his Highness, who with his own hands was pleased to direct me with 

 permission to publish into the world, but I have esteemed it a thing 

 so curious, that I thought it would be to profane it, before I had first 

 offered it to this illustrious society." 



Sandart was better informed as to the origin of this art, though he 

 was in error as to the discovery and the title of Siegen : he says, " the 

 inventor of this art was a lieutenant-colonel in the Hessian service, of 

 the name of Von Siegen, who discovered it after the peace in 1648." 



Siegen was not a lieutenant-colonel of Hesse, but a major in the 

 service of the Duke of Wolfenbuttel, but he did not attain this rank 

 until 1674. He died at Wolfenbuttel, but the date of his death is not 

 known; he was still living in 1676, when he took possession of some 

 property in Antwerp. He then styled himself Ludwig Siegen von 

 Sechten. He appears to have wholly given up engraving in the latter 

 years of his life. 



Laborde gives the following list of Siegen's engravings : the 

 portrait already mentioned of the Landgravin of Hesse, marked L. a 

 S. 1642; Eleonora de Gonzalgue, wife of the Emperor Ferdinand III., 

 sometimes called the Queen of Bohemia, a bust portrait after Hondt- 

 horst, 19 inches 3 lines (French) high, by 15-6 wide, marked L. a Siegen 

 Inventor fecit 1643; Prince William of Nassau, Guilhelmus D. G. 

 Princeps auricus comes Nassavise &c., also after Hondthorst, marked 

 L. a Siegen Inventor fecit 1644, 1 foot 7 inches 4 lines high, by 1 foot 

 3 inches wide; and Augusta Maria Caroli M. B. Rex filia Guilhelini 

 Price, avr. sponsa, of the same size and date ; the Emperor Ferdinand 

 III., marked Lud. Siegen in Sechten ex. novoq. a se invento modo 

 sculpsit Anno Domini 1654, 1 foot 3 inches 7 lines high, 1 foot 1 line 

 wide; St. Bruno, L. a S. in S. Ao. 1654, 11 inches high by 6 inches 

 11 lines wide; and lastly a Holy Family after Annibal Carracci, called 

 La Sainte Famille aux Lunettes ; it is dedicated to Prince Leopold of 

 Austria Ludw. a Siegen humilissime offert, Annib. Caratti pinx., 

 Ludovicq a S. novo suo modo lusit. 



(Sandrart, Evelyn, Descamps, Walpole, but especially Laborde, 

 Histoire de la Gravure en Maniere Noire, Paris, 1839.) 



SIEYES, EMMANUEL JOSEPH, Count, more generally known 

 as 1'Abbe" Sieyes, was bom at Frejus, on the 3rd of May 1748. 

 Destined from early youth to the ecclesiastical profession, he com- 

 pleted his studies with success at the University of Paris, where his 

 mind became imbued with the philosophical speculations prevalent at 

 that period, aud he applied himself seriously to political economy, and 

 to the investigation of the various schemes of social reform which were 

 then so frequently suggested. The liberality of his sentiments does 

 not appear to have impeded his advancement in the Church. By the 

 patronage of De Lubersac, Bishop of Cuartres, he was appointed to a 

 canoury in that Cathedral, and afterwards became Vicar-General and 

 Chancellor of the diocese. He took an active part in various assem- 

 blies of the clergy, and warmly espoused those opinions which were 



