617 



SOUTZO. 



SOUZA, MANUEL FARIA E. 



613 



was afterwards continued by Oudiu, who commenced his task in 1733, 

 and performed it to the general satisfaction of the Society. 



SOUTHWELL, ROBERT, descended from an ancient family in 

 Norfolk, was born in 1560. He was educated on the Continent, and 

 in 1578 entered the Society of Jesuits at Rome. In 1585 he was ap- 

 pointed prefect of the English Jesuits' College in that city, and was 

 soon afterwards sent to England as a missionary. He resided chiefly 

 with Anne, countess of Arundel, who was imprisoned in the Tower 

 of London, and died there. Southwell was apprehended in July 1592, 

 and was strictly examined by Queen Elizabeth's agents as to a supposed 

 plot against the queen's government. No disclosures could be obtained 

 from him, and he was committed to the Tower, where, in the course 

 of throe years, he is said to have been ten times subjected to the 

 torture. At length he admitted that he was a Jesuit, and that he 

 came to England for the purpose of making proselytes to the Roman 

 Catholic faith. By an act passed in 1585 (27 Eliz., c. 2) an Englishman 

 who was a Jesuit and refused to take the oath of supremacy was 

 declared to ba guilty of treason. It was probably under this act that, 

 on the 20th of February 1595, he was brought to trial in the Court of 

 King's Bench. Our authorities however do not state what was the 

 precise charge against him, but he was found guilty, was condemned 

 to dc.ith, and on the following day was executed at Tyburn. His 

 demeanour was firm, he declared that he was proud to profess himself 

 a Jesuit, and thanked God that he had been called upon to suffer 

 martyrdom. His writings, which are both in prose and verse, were 

 once very popular among the Roman Catholics. He writes rather 

 elegant English for the age in which he lived, but the matter will 

 hardly repay the trouble of perusal, at least to Protestants. 



Southwell's principal works are the following : ' A Consolation to 

 Catholics imprisoned on account of Religion/ and a ' Supplication to 

 Queen Elizabeth,' London, 1593; 'St. Peter's Complaint; with other 

 Poems,' 1593; 'Mseonise; or Certain excellent Poems and Spirituall 

 Hymns,' 4 to, 1595, 4 to 1600, 12mo, 1620, 1630, 1634; 'The Triumph 

 over Death,' 1595,1596; 'A Short Rule of Good Life,' 8vo ; 'Mary 

 Magdalen's Funeral Tears,' 1609; 'Epistle of Comfort to those 

 Catholics who lie under Restraint,' 8vo, 1605; 'Peter's Complaint,' 

 ' Mary Magdalen's Tears,' and the ' Triumph over Death,' were printed 

 together in 8vo, London, 1620. 



SOUTZO. [Seizes.] 



SOUVESTRE, EMILE, one of the most able writers of the modern 

 French school, was born at Morlaix, in Brittany, on the 15th of April 

 1806. His father was an engineer officer employed in repairing the 

 roads and bridges of his district. Educated at the college of Pontivy 

 until he had reached the age of seventeen, he began to evince a decided 

 taste for literature. But his father's death in 1823 induced him to 

 select the bar as his profession. He therefore studied the law, and in 

 1827 was formally received as an advocate at Rennes. He soon how- 

 ever grew weary of waiting for practice and proceeded to Paris, with 

 a strong determination of setting up as an author. His first efforts in 

 this way were not encouraging. Having written a drama, the ' Siege 

 of Missolonghi,' it remained unnoticed at the theatres until M. Alex- 

 andre Duval, a Breton like himself, and already known as a successful 

 dramatist, supported him with his interest. After this his tragedy 

 was read, accepted at the Theatre Frangais, and put into the prompter's 

 hands. But then came the ' censure ' with its pruning knife, and such 

 was the mutilation of his piece, as to scare the very managers who 

 had before applauded it. Thus disappointed of his hopes, he returned 

 to his family, and being left without resources, accepted a situation as 

 shopman with M. Mellinet, a bookseller at Nantes. In this situation 

 he was living when the July revolution of 1830, and the fall of 

 Charles X., gave so much stimulus to the young generation. 



He began in 1830 to write for the provincial press, and in 1832 was 

 appointed managing editor to a liberal journal published at Brest. 

 Whilst living with M. Mellinet, Emile Souvestre was frequently noticed 

 by the customers who frequented the library, for his unobtrusive good 

 sense, and one of these, the deputy Luminais, a gentleman devoted 

 to the reform of national education, conceived a friendship for him. 

 The deputy soon perceived that Emile Souvestre felt an unusual 

 interest in the same object, and having founded a school at Nantes, 

 for the illustration of his new plan, he entrusted the management oif 

 it to young Souvestre, and another youthful reformer, M. Papot, 

 under whom its success was from the first decided. In 1835 M. 

 Souvestre was made regent de rhe"torique at the college of Mul- 

 house, in Alsace ; he did not however continue many months in this 

 situation. 



For several years he had been quietly collecting materials to produce 

 a work on his own province, to which he was extremely attached. 

 This he did in 1836, under the title of Mcs Derniers Bretons,' a book 

 which at once established his name. It is one of the best descriptions 

 of Brittany, full of vivid yet unexaggerated painting, and affords a 

 just idea of the customs, manners, and literature of the "Wales of 

 France." His ' Echelle des Femmes ' appeared at the same time, and 

 was likewise successful. Encouraged by this change of fortune, Emile 

 Souveetre returned to Paris to fix himself there. He was then thirty, 

 and his future lot was decided. 



For the next twelve years, 1836-48, he took a prominent part in the 

 'redaction' of the ' Re"vue de Paris,' and the 'Re"vue des Deux 

 Mondes ;' he also contributed many notices and feuilletona to the 



'Temps,' the ' National,' the 'Siecle,' and the 'Journal du Commerce.' 

 His style is very pleasing ; his matter thoughtful and instructive. Hig 

 articles, tales, and books have noue of the levity, or persiflage, so 

 lamentably common in too many of his countrymen in the present 

 day ; they may be takt-n up with full reliance on their taste and 

 tendency. Among his numerous writings may be cited : his ' Voyage 

 dans le Finiat6re,' ' La Maison Rouge,' ' Le Mat de Cocagne,' ' Pierre 

 et Jean,' and ' Les Confessions d'un Ouvrier." This last especially is 

 awork of incontestable value, full of maxims of the soundest character, 

 especially as relates to the industrious classes. He has also pro- 

 duced several successful dramatic pieces, amongst others : 'Le Filleul 

 de tout le Monde,' 'Le Riche et le Pauvre,' 'Henri Hamelin,' ' Aine'e 

 et Cadette,' ' L'Oncle Baptiste,' 'Maitresse et Fiance'e ;' and ' Un Enfant 

 de Paris.' He is also the author of a good history of the Revolution 

 of 1848. 



In 1848, Emile Souvestre, who never lost sight of the principle of 

 educational reform, was appointed by M. Carnot, then minister of 

 public instruction, a lecturer in one of the schools established for the 

 civil service. He likewise gave gratuitous lectures in the evenings to 

 large audiences, consisting of working men and their families. These 

 lectures were well calculated to produce a beneficial effect, and were 

 always crowded. 



In 1853 he spent the summer months in lecturing in the principal 

 towns in Switzerland. These lectures were also very successful. He 

 Deemed to have found a new vocation, and had begun to diffuse new 

 and more rational ideas among a class, who do not always think for 

 themselves, when his health gave way, and death put an end to his 

 useful labours, on the 5th of July 1854. Having married a second time, 

 he left behind him a widow and three daughters. 



SOUZA, JEAN DE, was born at Damascus in Syria, in 1730, of 

 Roman Catholic parents. He came to Lisbon with some French 

 Capuchins in 1750, and was there protected by the house of Saldanha. 

 Gaspar Saldanha presented him to the Marquis of Pombal, who 

 appointed him interpreter and secretary to the embassy which Joseph I. 

 sent in 1773 to the Emperor of Marocco. He was often employed in 

 such negociations, and always acquitted himself with credit. The 

 queen having founded a chair for the Arabic language in the Univer- 

 sity, named Souza professor, and he composed for it the Grammar which 

 is still in use. He was made correspondent of the Royal Academy of 

 Sciences, and retiring to the convent of Jesus, died there on the 29th 

 of January 1812. 



SOUZA-BOTELHO, DOM JOSE-MARIA, was born at Oporto 

 March 9th, 1758. His father was governor-general of the province of 

 St. Paul in Brazil. Souza was educated at the University of Coimbra, 

 and in 1778 he entered the army, where he served till 1791. He was 

 then nominated ambassador-plenipotentiary to Sweden. From Stock- 

 holm he passed in 1795 to Copenhagen in the same capacity. His 

 father's death recalled him in 1799 to Lisbon. He was next sent on a 

 mission to England, but the object of his mission was frustrated by 

 the French not admitting him to the congress at Amiens in order to 

 look after the interests of Portugal. On the general peace in 1802, 

 Souza went to France as plenipotentiary, and stayed there till 1805, 

 where he had every possible exercise for his diplomatic ingenuity. It 

 was a perilous position ; and, disgusted with public affairs, he resolved 

 to confine his attention to literature, for which he had always mani- 

 fested a strong disposition. Camoens, the pride of Portugal, had ever 

 been his favourite author, and he resolved on producing an edition of 

 his works which should be a lasting monument. He spared neither 

 time, trouble, nor expense. He corresponded with all the learned, and 

 after twelve years' labour he had the satisfaction of completing it in 

 1818. He prefixed a dedication to the king of Portugal, a mass of 

 curious bibliographical researches, and a critique on Camoens, where 

 in his editorial enthusiasm he extols Camoens over all modern poets, 

 and even implies that he equals Homer and Virgil. He formed the 

 project of writing a History of Portugal, but his declining health only 

 allowed him to finish some fragments of it. He died in 1819. 



SOUZA, MANUEL FARIA E, was born at Souto in Portugal, in 

 1590, of a noble and ancient family. He manifested great precocity, 

 and when nine years old was sent to the university of Braga, where he 

 distinguished himself. In 1605 he was taken as secretary by one of 

 his powerful relations, and then commenced his diplomatic education. 

 In 1618 he married and went to Madrid; but though well recom- 

 mended, his rough manner hindered his advancement at court. In 

 1632 he was sent on an embassy, under the Marquis Castel Rodrigo, to 

 Rome, where his learning attracted the attention of Urban VIII. and 

 the men of letters at the pontifical court. Having some quarrel with 

 the marquis, he quitted him and returned to Spain ; but he was 

 arrested at Barcelona by order of the marquis, and was only released 

 by the powerful intercession of some friends. He then renounced 

 politics, and devoted himself exclusively to literature. Such was his 

 activity, that he himself states that he daily wrote forty-eight pages, 

 each page containing thirty lines ; and he possessed such rhetorical 

 facility that in one day he could compose a hundred addresses of con- 

 gratulation and condolence, all different from each other. (Bouterwek, 

 ' Hist, of Port. Lit.,' 278.) He obtained a small pension from 

 Philip IV., and the cross of chevalier ; but to his pen he trusted for 

 subsistence. He died in 1649, at Madrid. His manners were very 

 eccentric, and his dress the same : among his other peculiarities it is 



