619 



SOYUTL 



SPADA, LIONELLO. 



mentioned that neither the entreaties of his wife nor of his friends 

 could prevail on him to cut off an immense beard which rendered him 

 Tery conspicuous. He was proud, independent, and vehement, but 

 affectionate and amiable. 



As a poet Souza ranks high in Portugal, though most of I 

 are written in Spanish ; but his works are little relished by foreigners, 

 nor have they been translated. His talents were vitiated by the bad 

 tste of the age. He was but a reflex of the extravagances and con- 

 ceits of Lope de Vega, Marino, and Oongora. Prodigious facility and 

 fertility of image* and rhymes he certainly displays, but they are of 

 themselves vices when not corrected by a refined judgment Most of 

 his ideas are intolerably fantastic, as where he speaks of the " ten 

 lucid arrows of crystal which were darted from his Albania's eyes, 

 which produced a rubious effect ou his pain, though the cause was 

 crystalline ; " yet he sometimes hits a very fanciful image, as where he 

 says of his mistress's eyes, " Lore has written my fate in the beauty of 

 those eyes, which are as large as my pain and dark as my destiny : " 



" Ojos, en cnya hermocura 

 Cifro mi suerte cl Amcr, 

 Grsndcs como mi dolor, 

 Negros como mi venture." 



But when we add that he wrote six hundred sonnets, besides 

 eclogues, and all in this straiued fanciful style, it may be conceived 

 how tedious his works -become. 



As a critic he has been long revered as an oracle " De ser venerado 

 por Oraoulo," says Machado ; but an inspection of his treatises on the 

 sonnet and on poetry will show the worthleseness of them. They are 

 curious evidences of what a nation will consent to as regards criticism. 

 Souza also published a ' Commentary on the Lusiad,' which is inter- 

 esting for the same cause as his treatises, and which Bouterwek thinks 

 " a production more calculated to obscure than illustrate the original." 

 Souza'a works are 1, 'Discursos Morales y Politico?,' Madrid, 1623; 

 2, ' Commentaries sobre la Lusiada,' 1639 ; 3, ' Defensa por los Com- 

 mentaries sobre la Lusiada,' 1640 ; 4, ' Rim as varias de Luis de 

 Camoes, commentados por Manuel de Faria y Souza,' Lisbon, 1685; 

 5, ' Epitome de las Historias Portuguesas,' 1626 ; 6, ' Europea Portu- 

 gesa,' 1666 ; 7, ' Imperio de la China, y Cultura Evangelica por los 

 Reltgioeos de la Compaiiia de Jesus,' 1643; 8, ' Fuente de Aganipe, 

 rarias Rimas,' 1646. 



SOYD'TI, a philosopher, called by Wiistenfeld ('Geschichte der 

 Arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher,' Svo. Gb'ttingen, 1840, p. 156) 

 ABOL-FADHL ABD EL-RAHMAN BEN ABC BEKK BEN MOHAMMED JELAL 

 KD-Dix EL-SovuTi, or OsTUTi, was born on the 1st of Rajeb A.H. 849 

 (2nd of October A.D. 1445), at Cairo. He received a good education, 

 so that in his fifteenth year he entered the academy, where he heard 

 the most distinguished teachers, and at the same time began to give 

 instruction himself in some departments. He was most deeply 

 versed in the exposition of the Konin, the criticism of traditions, 

 jurisprudence, and the syntax of the Arabic grammar. His studies 

 embraced almost all the sciences ; but he himself confesses that his 

 knowledge of medicine was very slight and superficial, and to attempt 

 to solve a mathematical problem seemed to him as if he were obliged 

 to carry a mountain : notwithstanding this, he composed some works 

 on medical subjects. He was so voluminous a writer, that the number 

 of his writings is said to have amounted to 560 ; of these however 

 some are said to have consisted of a single sheet, many were nothing 

 more than a pamphlet, and others wore only extracts and compilations 

 from larger works. His extensive learning is duly acknowledged by 

 his contemporaries, but at the same time he is justly reproached for 

 being too much taken up with himself, and thinking himself equally 

 raised above the scholars of his own time and his predecessor*. 

 Although on this account he had few friends, he succeeded in being 

 appointed professor at the Academia Sheichnnia. A.H. 872 (A.D. 1467), 

 M his father bad been before him ; and besides other appointments, he 

 afterwards received also the professorship at the Academia Bibarsia. 

 However, he was deprived of the latter appointment A.H. 906 

 (A.D. 1500), and when it was offered him again, A.H. 909 (A.D. 1508) 

 he refused it. He died on the 18th of Jornada I. A.H. 911 (17th of 

 September A.D. 1505). 



The following list of such of his works as relate to medicine, or 

 have been published, is given by Wiistenfeld : 1. ' Codex Animalium,' 

 an extract out of Demiri's 'HUtoria Animalium,' with a sketch of the 

 medical uses to be obtained from animals, and an appendix ; printed 

 in Latin, with the title De Proprietatibus et Virtutibus Medicis Ani- 

 malium,' ed. Abraham Ecchellensis, Paris, 1647; and again, with 

 remarks by John Eliot, London. 1649, or Ley den, 1699. 2. Inscriptio 

 Codicis de Nominibus Animalium,' a continuation of the former. 

 8. Tractatus de Febre ejnsque Speciebus.' 4. 'Revelatio Nubis de 

 Praestantia Febris.' 5. 'Hortus Mundus de Puritate a Menstruis.' 

 ' \ ia Plana et Locus Adtequationis Irriguus, de Dictis, Factisqne 

 Mohammedis ad Mediciuam Sprctantibus.' 7. ' Liber Classium Viro- 

 rum qni Korani et Traditionnm Cognitione excelluerunt, Anctore Abu 

 Abdalla Dahabio, in Epitomen coegit et continuavit Auonymus e Cod 

 Goth.,' ed. H. F. Wiistenfeld, Gottingse, 1833 ; the Anonymous author 

 is SoyutL 8. 'Con versa tio Pulchra de Historia Misne et Cahine; 

 Frngmenta qusdam Auctore Gelal-eddino Sojuthensi e Cod. UpsaL 

 excerp. Car. Job. Tornberp,' Upsalise, 1834. 9. 'Sojutii Liber de 



InterpretibuB Korani,' ed. Alb. Menrsinge, Lugdun. Batav., 1S39. 



10. ' Veth liber as-Sojuti de Nominibus,' 2 parts 4to, Lugd. Bat, 

 1840-42, and ' Veth Supplementum annot. in lib. as-Sojuti cont. nov. 

 codd. collat. exe. ex. As-Sam,' anio et Ibn '1-Athiro,' 4to. ib. 



11. 'Sayuti's Itqan on the exegetic Sciences of the Qoran, in Arabic, 

 edited by Mawlawies Ba-herood-Deeu and Noorool Haqq, with an 

 Analysis by Dr. A. Sprenger,' in the ' Bibliotheca Indica' of the 

 Asiatic Society of Bengal, 10 fasc. published, Calcutta. 1S54, &c. 

 Wiistenfeld considers that the work translated by Reynolds, with the 

 title ' History of the Temple of Jerusalem,' by Jakil Addin al-Siuti, 

 STO, Lond., 1836, is not to be attributed to the subject of the present 

 article. 



SOZ(XMENUS, HERMIAS, called by some of Salamis in I 

 otherwise named SALAMANES HERMIAS SOZOMEXUS, or HERMIAS, son of 

 Sozomenns, a church historian of the 5th century, was born in Pales- 

 tine, probably at Gaza. He was educated in a monastery, and, after 

 studying law at Berytus, went to Constantinople, where he practised 

 as an advocate, and also wrote in Greek his ' Church History,' which 

 consists of 9 books, and embraces a period of 117 years, from A.D. 323 

 to 439. He is superior to his contemporary Socrates in his style, 

 which ia modelled npon that of Xenophon; but in other respects 

 there is such a close resemblance between the works that Sozomenus, 

 who was the younger of the two, is supposed to have seen the work of 

 Socrates, and to have used it without acknowledgment. He some- 

 times mentions facts that are not in Socrates ; but these are generally 

 of little importance, and relate chiefly to the hermits and monks, of 

 whom he expresses unbounded admiration. He is deficient in judgment, 

 and makes many chronological errors. His ninth book relates chiefly 

 to political history. Sozomenus lived in the reign of Theodosius II.. 

 to whom he dedicates his History. He had previously written an 

 epitome of church history from the ascension of Christ to the defeat 

 of Licinius, which is not now extant 



The history of Sozomenus is printed with all the editions of 

 Socrates. 



(Valerius, De Fit et Script. Socrati* et Sozomeni; Lardner. 

 bUity ; Scboell, Gcschichte der Griechischen Liiterctfw, vol. iii, \\ 



SPA'DA, LIONELLO, a distinguished painter, both iu fresco and 

 in oil. of the early part of the l~th century, and one of the best 

 colourists of the Bolognese school. He was born iu Bologna, of very 

 poor parents of the labouring class, in 1576. He was eu; 

 whilst a boy as a colour-grinder by the Caracd; but through an 

 observing mind and an ambitious disposition, he was led himself to 

 attempt design, and incited to an endeavour to emulate the great 

 works by which he was surrounded. He at first copied in the school 

 of the Caracci. but afterwards became the scholar of Baglione, and 

 contracted a friendship with his fellow-scholar Dentone. From Den- 

 tone Spada learnt perspective, and most probably acquired that correct 

 taste and true feeling for chiaroscuro for which his works are con- 

 spicuous, aiid which prevented him from being carried away by the 

 hard contrasts of Caravaggio, when he adopted the style of that 

 ir.aster. 



Stung by a contemptuous remark of Guido's upon a pictir. 

 he had painted, Spada determined to avenge himself by opposing a 

 bold and natural style to the delicate and ideal style of Guido. He 

 accordingly went to Rome and became the scholar of Caravaggio, who 

 then, as the rival of Cesari, was at the height of his reputation. Spada 

 accompanied Caravaggio to Malta, and returned to and established 

 himself at Bologna, master of a new style much after the manner of 

 Caravaggio ; as bold as Caravaggio's, but less vulgar, and softer and 

 more harmonious. His de -ign is natural, though not choice ; his 

 chiaroscuro powerful and rich : his colouring brilliant and true, 

 though rather red in the shadows, but this in.y be the effect of time, 

 for Malvasia appears to have considered him unsurpassed as a 

 colouriat 



Spada's works were much admired by Tiarini, with whom he 

 painted in competition several times ; but some of his rivals in 

 Bologna contemptuously styled him ' La Scimia," or the ape of Cara- 

 vaggio. He however soon earned the reputation of being one of the 

 best painters of his time, and he received several orders for 

 works in Reggio, Modena, Parma, and other neighbouring cities ; and 

 in consequence of the successful execution of these works, Spada was 

 appointed his court painter by Ranuccio, duke of Parma. His 

 fortune now equalled his reputation, and he spent the remainder of 

 his life, which was however not a long one, at the court of Ranuccio. 

 He appears to have been of a very humorous and satirical disposition 

 (many specimens of his humour are recorded by Malvasia), aud pre- 

 suming npon the great esteem and friendship of the duke for him, he 

 made himself much disliked by the courtiers aud nobles of Parma ; 

 and upon the sudden death of Ranuccio by apoplexy, Spada found 

 himself deserted. This appears to have had a great effect upon his 

 mind, and although in the prime of life, he shortly followed the duke 

 to the grave. He died in 1622, in the forty -sixth year of his age. 



Spada superintended the decorations of the celebrated and at that 

 time unrivalled theatre of Parma. The generality of his compositions 

 are half-figures, of the natural size, after the manner of Car 

 and Guercino. Holy Families by Spada are not rare in the galleries 

 of Bologna and Lombardy ; the Execution of John the Baptist was 

 also a favourite subject of his. His masterpiece is generally con- 



