

N'OLKTTO. 



SPALDINO, SAMUEL. 



sidered to be the great picture of ' San Douieuico burning the pro* 

 scribed Books of the lien t.e>,' in the church of that aaint at Bologna. 

 The following works also gained him great reputation : ' The Miracle 

 of St. !'!!<. liet.' at the monastery of S. Michele in Bosco, a picture 

 which so i -leased Sacehi when he saw it that he took a sketch of it ; 

 % Susannah at the Bath,' and the Kt-tnrn of the Prodigal Sou,' at 

 Modena ; a ' Madonna,' at Reggio ; and a St. .lerome,' and A ' Martyr- 

 dom of a Saint,' at Parma : tho two last pictures are painted more in 

 the style of tho Caracci than any of his earlier works. Spada wrote 

 verses, some specimens of which have been preserved by Malvasia. 

 He left several scholars, and has had some imitators ; Pietro Desani 

 i^ua, and Orauo Talami and Sebastiano Vercellesi of Reggio, 

 were the most distinguished. 

 BPAGNOLETTO. (UuiKK.v.l 



DING, JOHANN .UUi'HlM, was born on the lt of Novem- 



ber 1714, at Triebseea, in Swedish Pomcrauia, where his father had a 



and \\as afterwards appointed preacher. Young Spalding 



; .it tlie universities of Rostock and Grcifswalde; and although 



.;> was the department to which he chiefly devoted himself, he 



paid great attention to other branches of learning. In 1745 he was 



eretary to the Swedish embassy at Berlin ; but he 



remained in this post only for two years, aa he preferred the office of 



; at Lassahu, in Swedish Pomerauin, which was offered to him. 



In 1 7. "'7 1:0 was appointed to the office of pitepositus and first preacher 



: h ; and it was about the same time that he began his numerous 



,ieal works, which are no less distinguished for clearness of style 



than of thought, and were received with general approbation. Owing 



to the reputation which he gained as an author and an orator, ho was 



in 1764 appointed first pastor and provost to the Nicolaikirche at 



IVrlin. where some time afterwards he was also elected a member of 



the chief consistory. In this new and extensive sphere of action ho 



showed so much mildness of character combined with dignity that he 



w.-n the affection and veneration of all who came in contact with him. 



Through 1 is sermons however he exercised the greatest influence : 



they were full of deep feeling and profound thought ; and in point of 



stylo tloy ranked, and still rank, among the best specimens of German 



pulpit oratory. There is lit t lo in them that will remind a reader that 



Si aiding lived at a time when the German language was just entering 



upon ita new career of development. In 17S8, when the king 



Frederic William II., instigated by Wolluer and others of the mystic 



and pietistio party, issued an edict (Religions-edict) condemning all 



,1 of thought in religious matters, Spaldii g, who belonged to 



posite party, was in some degree obliged to resign his offices. 



This tirm adherence to his principles raised Spalding still higher in 



pul-lio estimation : he spent the last years of his life in retirement. 



lie died on the 2nd of March 1804, at the age of ninety. 



The works of Spaldiug are very numerous : they are partly on 

 philosophical and ethical subjects, and partly on theology. The prin- 

 cipal, which have all gone through several editions, are 'Ueber dio 

 B. stimiming des Meuschen,' Uiiefswalde, 1748; ' Gedanken liber den 

 \Verth der Uefiihle in deui Christeuthum,' Berlin, 1701 ; 'Holier die 

 Nut/.barkeit des Pndigtamtes.' Berlin, 1772 ; and 'Religion eine Ange- 

 legeuheit des Miuscheu,' Berlin, 1797. His sermons were published in 

 various collections at several times. The 'Life of Spalding' was 

 written by himself, and edited with notes by his son Georg Ludwig, 

 Svo, Halle, 1804. 



SPALDING, GEORG LUDWIG, son of the former, was born in 

 17C2, at Earth. He was educated at one of the gymnasia of Berlin, 

 under Pmsehing. From 1779 to 1781 he studied philology and theology 

 at the universities of Gottingen and Halle. He continued his studies 

 iu private aftir he had left the universities ; and in order to improve 

 his knowledge, he undertook 11 journey through Germany, Switzerland. 

 Fritneo, Ki. gland, and Holland. On his return to Berlin he \\as 

 j-.ppomted tutor to the children of Prince Ferdinand of Prussia, and 

 in 17S7 ho obtained a professorship at the gymnasium Zum grauen 

 Kloster in Berlin. The Religions-edict, on account of which his father 

 Imd given vip his offices, induced the son, who held the same opinions, 

 to abandon the study of theology altogether, and to devote himself 

 entirely to philology. In 179'2 he obtained from tho I 'Diversity of 

 Halle the degree of Master of Arts; and on this occasion he wrote a 

 dissertation, 'Vindicire Philosophorum Megaricorum,' &o. A short 

 time after a Leipzig publisher requested him to revise the text of 

 Quiuctilian, and to prepare a new edition of this writer. Spaldiug 

 agreed, thinking that the work could be accomplished in a short time; 

 but when he had once entered upon his task he found much more to 

 do than he had anticipated ; and that it was necessary, if the work 

 was to be done well, to devote all his time to it. This was indeed 

 henceforth the great object of his life. In order that he might not be" 

 disturbed in his work, he even refused the directorship of his gymna- 

 sium, which had become vacant, and was offered to him. In 1803 he 

 was elected a member of the Berlin Academy. In 1805 he made a 

 journey to Italy in order to collate a Florentine manuscript of Quinc- 

 tilian. During the latter part of his life he held the high office of 

 counsellor in the ministry for public instruction. He died in 1811, 

 after he had spent the greater part of the last nineteen years of his 

 life upon the critical study of Quiuctilian ; and yet the work was not 

 finished at his death, for only the first three volumes had been pub- 

 lished at Leipzig-, in the years 1798, 1803, and 1808; the remaining 



two volumes were edited by Buttmann and Zumpt, 1810 and 1829. 

 Spaldiug 1 1 an not written much, but what he hiu done is masterly. He 

 was a man of very mild though lively temperament, and beloved and 

 esteemed by men like Butt maun and Niebuhr. A memoir, or rather 

 eulogium, on Spalding by Buttuiauu, was printed in the ' Transactions 

 of the Berlin Academy of 1814 and 1816. 



SPALDING, SAMUKL, was born in London on the 30th of May, 

 1807. He furnished an example of success attendant on the persever- 

 ing pursuit of knowledge, in the absence of any remarkable ability or 

 aptness for its attainment. According to the testimony of his friends, 

 it was only by means of great labour that he could perform his daily 

 tasks whilo at school ; though his steady application, resulting very 

 much even at this early period of his life from a sense of duty, tho 

 effect of moral and religious training, enabled him to acquit himself 

 with great respectability ; and the moderate estimate ha always enter- 

 tained of his own power* appears to have done much towards forming 

 those habits of unremitting application which constituted one of the 

 strongest features of his intellectual character. At a suitable age he 

 was placed in a mercantile house; but his mind soon became too 

 deeply interested in the study of theology to allow him to entertain 

 tho idea of spending his life in a secular profession. He now examine,! 

 the evidences of Christianity with the most assiduous care, and the 

 work of Dr. Chalmers on this subject, together with the discourses of 

 the same writer on the relation of revelation to the discoveries of 

 modern astronomy, inspired his mind with such elevated views of the 

 grandeur of Christianity and the expansive benevolence of its design, 

 that he resolved to devote himself to the pastoral office in the religious 

 connection to whit h he belonged, that of the Congregational Dissenters. 

 He consequently applied himself to study with fresh ardour, though 

 he had to contend with a naturally feeble constitution, in which there 

 is little doubt that tho seeds of organic disease early existed. 



With a view to promote his object of qualifying himself for tho 

 ministry, Spalding devoted his time, for two years, to the study of the 

 Greek and Latin languages, iu private ; and afterwards entered as a 

 student at University College, London, where he mado himself an 

 exact Greek scholar. During his academical course here he obtained, 

 in addition to high certificates of honour in other classes, five first 

 prizes iu the classes of Hebrew, French, Natural Philosophy, and the 

 Philosophy of the Mind and Logic. Of the last subject his pursuit 

 was ardent, his diligence and ability, as manifested in his essays and 

 examinations, being such as to mark him out as a student of unusual 

 merit. In tho year 1839, symptoms of incipient pulmonary disease 

 induced him to try tho effect of a warmer climate, and he spent the 

 winter in the South of France. On his return he underwent tho 

 examination for the Master's degree iu tho University of London, in 

 May, IS 10. In the Transactions of tho University, his name is men- 

 tioned with honour for his examinations in Animal ami Vegetahil 

 Physiology, and in the Hebrew and Greek originals, and the History of 

 the Holy Scriptures. He is also recorded aa having 'passed aVlis- 

 tinguished examination ' in Logic, the Philosophy of the Mind, and 

 Moral Philosophy. In consequence of this success he was urged by 

 the examiners to write on some of these subjects ; and this recom- 

 mendation encouraged him to compose his work, entitled ' The Philo- 

 sophy of Christian Morals.' In tho autumn of IS 10 Spalding went to 

 Italy, where he remained nearly two years. It was during this period 

 that the above-mentioned work was written, the subject of which how- 

 ever had occupied his mind for many years. On his return to England, 

 in 1842, ho purposed superintending the publication of his Treatise, 

 but was prevented by the progress of his disease ; and as a last 

 resource he tried a sea-voynge, and went to the Cape of Good Hope, 

 where he died on the 14th of January, 1834, about three weeks alt. r 

 his arrival. His work was published during the same year, by his 

 friends, in one volume, octavo. We have not space for any criticism 

 of Spahiiug's theory of morals : we must restrict ourselves to n bare 

 summary of his priueipal doctrines. They are aa follows : Our 

 primnry notions of virtue and vice are derived from those feelings of 

 moral approbation and disapprobation which we experience in viewing 

 the conduct of others. These notions acquire new force and become 

 more distinct in consequence of the emotions which wo experience in 

 the review of our own conduct. The objects of moral obligation are, 

 first, virtue itself; and, secondly, the mode in which virtue ought to 

 be displayed in the oxitward conduct. The great rule of action is the 

 will of God, either as superuaturally revealed or as inferred from the 

 end and object of the virtuous affections themselves. The notion of 

 moral obligation is an immediate consequence of the testimony of 

 our moral emotions. The great object of moral approbation is tho 

 principle of benevolence, chosen as tho highest and most valuable 

 principle in our nature. All other virtues are necessarily contained in 

 this principle of benevolence; apart from which even sympathy itself 

 is merely pathological, not moral. The moral character of volition 

 depends entirely on the object of choice. In short, Spalding's theory 

 may be cliaraeteri-nl by its referring conscience ultimately to emotion, 

 not to moral judgment ; by its asserting the necessity of there being 

 other moral agents in existenee I ovules ourselves, before we can have 

 the notion of virtue or of vice, and by its reduction of all the forms 

 of virtue to the one principle of benevolence. Without pronouncing 

 either one way or the other on the merits of this theory, we will only 

 add that tho work possesses considerable originality, and abounds with 



