STELLA, JACQUES. 



STEPHANOS, ATHENIENS1S. 



684 



into effect by bis successor in the ministry. Count, afterwards Prince, 

 von Hardenberg ; and the result was, as Stein had foreseen, that during 

 the tune of Prussia's apparent ruin and weakness, she was gradually 

 gathering strength for the struggle that should restore her to liberty. 

 Nor was Stein in his exile idle. Apart altogether from the system of 

 institutions which he had framed and recommended, he was to a great 

 extent the author and founder of that secret and patriotic society, 

 having for its object the expulsion of the French and the recovery of 

 Prussian and German independence, which between 1808 and 1813 

 pervaded, under the name of Tugcnd bund, all ranks of German 

 Society, and embraced the noblest German spirits of the time. 

 This Tugend-bund however contemplated also a future of free repre- 

 sentative institutions for Prussia and Germany when they should be 

 liberated. 



In 1812 Stein went to Russia, and attached himself as counsellor to 

 the Emperor Alexander, then about to begin his great final struggle 

 with Napoleon I. In 1813, after the entry of the Allies into Saxony, 

 he was named chief of the Administrative Council of all the German 

 territories in the possession of the Allies; and in this year the fruits 

 of his " system " and of the " Tugend-bund," so far as Prussia was con- 

 cerned, were seen in the universal rising and the excellent discipline 

 of the Prussian "landwehr." In 1814 Stein accompanied the Allies 

 into Paris, and in the debates then in progress as to the terms on which 

 France should be let off, he took a truly Prussian view, and argued for 

 a far greater measure of vengeance on France for the injuries she had 

 inflicted on Europe since 1792 than the leaders of the Allies were dis- 

 posed to exact. Stein's part in the Congress of Vienna was not great. 

 He was charged with the preparation of some plans connected with 

 the re-organisation of Germany; and he afterwards published his 

 views on that subject. After the final overthrow of Napoleon I. in 

 1815, Stein's influence with the leaders of the Allies was gone. His 

 notions of free institutions, of representative government, and of a 

 federal alliance of all the German states by means of a popularly- 

 elected Diet, were not to the taste of the Russian emperor and the 

 other powers of the Congress. Even the Prussian king, who at first, 

 under Stein's inspiration, was disposed to make a stand for the liberal 

 use of the European opportunity afforded by Napoleon's fall, deserted 

 his adviser, and joined the absolutist league. The intrigues of Mont- 

 gelas, the Bavarian minister, representing the jealousies of some of the 

 minor German states, had something to do with Stein's loss of influence. 

 He retired into private life, and had the pain of seeing the Prussian 

 sovereign and government relapsing from his "system" even in the 

 administrative ports, while the attainment of a national representation, 

 as the means of German union, seemed postponed to a far distant day. 

 His name however lived in the hearts of patriotic Prussians, and from 

 time to time he was heard of. In 1816 he was decorated with the 

 Order of the Prussian Eagle ; in 1818 he was at the Congress of Aix- 

 la-Chapelle ; in 1827 he was nominated a member of the Prussian 

 Council of State ; and in the same year he was mareschal of the first 

 assembly of states of Westphalia. In the same year (1827) he published 

 a criticism on some parts of Bourienne's ' Life of Napoleon,' in which 

 his own share of the events of 1814-15 had been commented on. He 

 died on the 29th of June 1831, leaving behind him the reputation of 

 having been one of the firmest characters and the greatest statesmen 

 that Prussia had produced. 



STELLA, JACQUES, a celebrated French painter, was born at 

 Lyon in 1596. His father, Frangois Stella, who was also a painter, 

 died when he was only nine years old, yet, though so young when he 

 lost his father, Stella is said to have had no other master. At the age 

 of twenty he went to Italy, aud at Florence he was employed by the 

 Grand-Duke Cosmo II. to execute the decorations which were designed 

 for the celebration of the marriage of his son Ferdinand II. Stella 

 made many designs and painted several pictures for the grand-duke, 

 who gave him apartments and allowed him a similar pension to that 

 which he gave to Callot the engraver. After living seven years in 

 Florence, Htella went to Rome in 1623, and contracted a friendship 

 with Poussin, of whom he became also an imitator. 



While in Rome he was by some treachery or misunderstanding 

 thrown into prison, and while in confinement he amused himself with 

 drawing on the wall, in charcoal, the figure of the Virgin with the 

 infant Jesus in her arms. A report of the excellence of the drawing 

 reached the Cardinal Barberini, who went to see it, and from that time 

 a lighted lamp was suspended over it, and the prisoners performed 

 their devotions before it. 



In 1634 Stella returned by Venice and Milan to France, with the 

 intention of visiting Spain. At Milan they offered him the directorship 

 of the Acadeuiy, with a view of retaining him in that city, but his 

 object was to go to Spain, whither he had been invited by the king. 

 Cardinal lUchelieu however succeeded in detaining him in Paris ; he 

 procured him apartments in the Louvre, with the title of painter to 

 the king and an annual pension of 1000 francs. In 1644 he was deco- 

 rated with the cross of St. Michael, and was elevated to the rank of 

 principal painter to the king. He died at Paris in 1657. 



Stella remained an imitator of the style of Poussin, but he did not 

 go beyond the drawing and colouring of Pouesin, and in the latter 

 respect he exaggerated the defect of Poussin : many of his pictures arc 

 very red. He excelled in pastoral pieces, and in the sports of infants ; 

 he was also excellent in perspective and architecture. His chief defect 



was a want of expression. There are however several good pictures 

 by him in some of the churches of Paris, and there are a few at Lyon. 

 The prints after Stella amount to several hundreds : his niece, Claudine 

 Stella, has engraved fifteen pastoral pieces, fifty-two sports of infants, 

 and three books of ornaments. Edelinck, the Poillys, Melan, and 

 others have engraved some of his greater works. He etched five plates 

 himself, which are very scarce, namely, ' The Descent from the Cross,' 

 a Madonna, a Saint George, a genre piece with infants dancing, and a 

 large print of the ceremony of the ' Presentation of Tribute to the 

 Grand-Duke of Tuscany,' of the date 1621, which is very rare. Many 

 woodcuts, apparently by P. Maupin, are marked ' Stella fecit,' but this 

 alludes to the design, not the woodcut. 



(Felibien, Entretiens, &c. ; D'Argenville, Vies des Peintres, &c. ; R. 

 Dumesnil, Peintre-Graveur Franfais.) 



STENO, NICHOLAS, was born in 1638, at Copenhagen, and there 

 also first studied the medical and other sciences. Bartholin was his pre- 

 ceptor in anatomy, and induced him to pursue it with an ardour which 

 was crowned with eminent success. Having left Copenhagen, Steno 

 studied for three years at Leyden, and for two at Paris, and then 

 travelled through the greater part of Germany and Italy. At Florence, 

 Ferdinand II., grand-duke of Tuscany, appointed him his physician in 

 1667 ; and Cosmo III., the next duke, retained him in the same post, 

 and made him tutor to his son. In 1669 Steiio renounced the 

 Lutheran faith, in which he had been born and educated, but in 

 which his confidence had been shaken during his residence at Paris by 

 Bossuet, and embraced the Roman Catholic religion. Soon after, 

 Frederic III. of Denmark recalled him, but it was not till Christian V., 

 who was more tolerant of Steno's new faith, succeeded, that he was 

 induced to accept the professorship of anatomy at Copenhagen. He 

 held the appointment for only a short time, and then returned to 

 Florence, where, in 1677, giving up the study of anatomy, he took 

 holy orders, and was consecrated Bishop of Heliopolis. Soon after, 

 having been invited to the court of Hanover, the pope made him vicar 

 apostolical of the churches in the north, and in this office he remained, 

 devoting -himself zealously to his religious duties till 1679, when, a 

 Lutheran prince succeeding to the government of Hanover, he was 

 obliged to quit the country. He retired to Miinster, and there and in 

 other parts of Germany he continued sedulously preaching till 1686, 

 when he died at Schwerin in Mecklenburg. 



Steno is now known chiefly through the results of his anatomical 

 labours, which, considering the short period occupied in them, were 

 neither few nor unimportant. In his inaugural dissertation, published 

 in 1661, he described accurately the salivary glands and their ducts, 

 and especially that of the parotid gland, which Casserius had regarded 

 as a ligament, and which has since been commonly called Steno's 

 duct, though it had been before his time observed by Gerard Blasius. 

 In another small treatise Steno first described the ducts of the 

 lachrymal gland. His principal work, ' On the Muscles and Glands,' 

 &c., was published in 1664, and contains, among many excellent 

 anatomical descriptions, the first good account of the course of tho 

 muscular fibres of the heart, the tongue, and the pharynx, and of the 

 anatomy of the respiratory muscles. It includes also most of his 

 observations on the lymph and lymphatics. In his 'Discourse on 

 the Anatomy of the Brain,' Paris, 1679, Steno speaks of its fibrous 

 structure, and urges the propriety of tracing more carefully than had 

 been hitherto done the course of the nerves into its interior. Ho 

 wrote also several papers in the ' Acta Hafniensia,' containing some 

 excellent observations on the motions of the heart in living animals, 

 on the nature of the ovaries and the ova of quadrupeds, aud on the 

 developement of the chick. A brief account of his researches is 

 published in Haller, ' Bibliotheca Anatomica,' torn, i., p. 491. 



STE'PHANUS, ATHENIENSIS, an ancient Greek physician, the 

 author of several treatises still extant. Nothing is known of the 

 events of his life, except that (if we may believe the titles of some 

 manuscripts at Vienna) he was a pupil of Theophilus Protospatharius. 

 (Lambec., 'Biblioth. Vindob./ lib. vi., pp. 198, 223, 492; lib. vii, p. 

 352, ed. Kollar.) Neither is it known for certain when he lived, for 

 his having Theophilus for his tutor does not at all help to decide this 

 question, as it is equally difficult to determine the date of the master 

 as of the pupil. G. J. Vossius (' Lib. de Philosoph.,' cap. 13, p. 109, 

 in 'Opera,' torn, iii., ed. Amst.) and Fabricius ('Biblioth. Gr.,' torn, xii., 

 p. 693) think he is the same as the author who is known by the name 

 of Stephanus Alexandiiuus, and who dedicated his work ' De Chry- 

 sopceia' to the Emperor Heraclius (A.D. 610-641); and that he might 

 have been called Athenieiisis from having been born at Athens, aud 

 Alexandrinus from having settled at Alexandria. Probably however 

 neither of these great scholars ever saw his works in the original ; as 

 Dietz, his editor, notices several words that occur in them, which 

 seem to belong to the llth century rather than the 7th. The first of 

 his works that we possess is a Commentary on the ' Prognostics ' of 

 Hippocrates, which was first published by Dietz (who calls him " inter 

 Hippocratis iutcrpretes sequioria sctatis facile princeps "), in the first 

 volume of his 'Scholia in Hippocratem et Galeuum,' Regim. Pruss., 

 1834. There is also a commentary on the ' Aphorisms ' which bears 

 his name, and which .in fact agrees word for word with that which is 

 commonly attributed to Theophilus. Some extracts from this are 

 inserted in the second volume of Dietz's collection. His commentary 

 on Galen's ' Ad Glauconcm de Medendi Methodo,' is said by Fabricius 



