635 



STEPHANOS, BYZANTINUS. 



STEPHEN III. (OF ROME). 



686 



and Choulant ('Handb. der Biicherkunde fur die Aeltere Medicin,' 

 Leipzig, 1841) to have beeu first published at Venice in Greek by 

 Aldus, 8vo, 1536 ; but Dietz doubts the existence of this edition. He 

 has himself inserted the commentary in the first volume of his collec- 

 tion mentioned above. It had before appeared several times in a 

 Latin translation by Augustiuus Gadaldinus, Venet., 8vo, 1554, Lugd., 

 8vo, 1555 and 1558. Another of his works was published in a Latin 

 translation by Gasp. Wolf, with the title 'Alphabetum Empiricuin, 

 sive Dioscoridis et Stephani Atheuiensis de Remediis Expertis Liber,' 

 &o., Tiguri, 8vo, 1581. The treatise on fevers, sometimes attributed 

 to Stephanus Atheuieusis, is in fact by Palladium [PALLADIUS, vol. iv., 

 col. 645.] 



The work on Alchemy by Stephanus Alexandrinus consists of nine 

 irpei|ij, or ' Lectures ' (see Fabricius, ' Bibliotb. Gr.,' torn, xii., p. 695), 

 with the title ~2.rftpd.vov 'AA6|oc5pe'coy, OiKovfj.eviKov $t\off6<fiov K0.1 

 AiSacr/caAou, Meyd\Tis /ecu 'lepus TOUTTJS TfxfUS irepl Xpuffoirouas Tlpu^is 

 Hv @ff Ttpcarr]. It was published in Latin, Patav., 8vo, 1573, by 

 Dominic Piziuientus, together with Democritus, Synesius, and other 

 writers on the same subject. The Greek text is contained in vol. ii. 

 of Ideler's 'Physici et Medici Graeci Minores,' 8vo, Berol., 1842. The 

 writer was a Christian, and lived (as was before noticed) in the 7th 

 century. Reinesius (ap. Fabric., ' Bibl. Gr.,' torn, xii., p. 757) speaks 

 highly of his work, but notices that he falls into the common error of 

 the Eastern and Greek churches of that age respecting the procession 

 of the Holy Ghost. 



It may be mentioned that the father of Alexander Trallianus 

 (Alex. Trail., 'De Re Med.,' lib. iv., cap. 1, p. 230, ed. Guint.), and a 

 physician of Edessa, sent by Justinian as ambassador to the Persian 

 king (Procop., ' De Bello Pers.,' lib. ii., cap. 26) must not be confounded 

 with the two writers noticed in this article, both of whom probably 

 lived much later. 



STE'PHANUS, BYZANTI'NUS, a Greek grammarian, the author 

 of a geographical dictionary, the earliest probably ever written. 

 Nothing is known of his life, and his age is uncertain ; he is placed 

 by Saxius (' Ononiasticon,' i. 520) in the latter part of the 5th century. 

 Of his original work nothing but an abridgment made by Hermolaus, 

 another grammarian, who lived in the time of the Emperor Justinian, 

 has come down to us, with the exception of a fragment of the letter 

 A beginning with Dyme and ending with Dodona, which was first 

 published from the ' Bibliotheca ' of Peter Seguier, by Samuel Tennu- 

 lius, Amst., 4to, 1669. A comparison of this portion of the original 

 work with its abridgement will show how much valuable matter has 

 been omitted by Hermolaus. Constantino Porphyrogeunetus, in his 

 book ' De Administrando Imperio,' c. 23, 24, and in that on the 

 'Themata' (lib. 2, Thema 6, 9, 10, 12), quotes from Stephanus and 

 gives much fuller extracts than are found in the ' Epitome,' and in 

 one instance cites him by name (Thema 9, ' De Sicilia ; ' eee ' Ex- 

 cerpta Constantini Peiresciana,' edit. Henr. Valesius, p. 493; and also 

 ' Etymolog. Magnum,' voc. 2</>^/cejo). In the work, as it has come 

 down to us, much of the letter K, from KE to KO, is wanting, which 

 is known to have existed, according to Scaliger, quoted by Fabricius 

 (' Biblioth. Grace.,' til 51, Hamburg, 1717). The latter part is less full 

 than the earlier ; from Patrse to 2 little more than the names of places 

 and their adjectives are given; from this letter onwards the extracts 

 become less meagre. In X and H we have what, from the difference 

 in style, may be considered an uncurtailed transcript of the original ; 

 the first nine articles of X are abridged in the ' Codex Vratisl.,' like 

 those of the preceding letters, as if the epitornist had desisted sud- 

 denly in his undertaking. The difficulty of distinguishing the original 

 material from the possible additions of Hermolaus prevents us from 

 relying with any certainty on several passages in the work which have 

 been thought to refer to Stephanus himself. Under the word 'A.vaKr6- 

 peia, he or his abridger speaks of Eugenius, a grammarian (according 

 to Suidas) of the time of the Emperor Anastasius ; in the article 

 r6-T0oi occur the words, 'as has been said by me in the Byzantica;' 

 and under BijrA.e^ua (Bethlehem) are expressions, which prove the 

 writer of them to have been a Christian. Westermann, in the preface 

 to his edition of Stephanus (Lips., 8vo, 1839), is inclined to apply 

 these passages to him rather than to Hermolaus, and his reasons are 

 apparently just. In the Burney manuscript 50, 11, 254, British 

 Museum, in a volume entitled ' Vitae, Mores, et Dicta Patrum Sancto- 

 rum, Ordine Alphabetic disposita, ex Johannis Moschse Prato Spiri- 

 tual! aliisque Auctoribus collecta,' is mention of a Stephanus ot 

 Byzantium, who is described as one of the scribes or chartularii of 

 Maurianus the General ; his great fame is spoken of, and a miraculous 

 scene at his death is described, at which the narrator and Theodosius, 

 bishop of Babylon, are said to have been present. A Count Mauria- 

 nus lived in the time of the Emperor Zeno, A.D. 490 (' Chron. Paschal.,' 

 261; 'Corpus Byzant. Script.,' Venet., 1729); and another was Comes 

 Domesticorum in the time of Honorius (Banduri, ' Comment, in Antiq. 

 C. P.,' lib. ii. 477, ibid.), and it is possible that some future discovery 

 may connect the Stephauus mentioned in this passage with the subject 

 of this biography. 



Westermann has adopted the title Etbnica ('E0w/ca), on the authority 

 of Eustathius, instead of that of Utpl fl6\fwv, prefixed to the work 

 by Aldus and others. The editions of Stepbanus are Aldi Manutii, 

 Venet., fol., 1502; Florent. ex Juntar. officin., fol., 1521; Gesner, Basil., 

 fol., 1553; Xylander, Basil., fol., 1568, cum caatigat.; Thomro de 



Pinedo, Amstel., 1678, with a Latin translation and useful commentary, 

 and the fragment published by Tennulius. Luc. Holsten., Lugd. 

 Batav., 1684, with many annotations ; Abraham Berkel, Lugd. Batav., 

 fol., 1688 : this edition was finished by Gronovius, 1694, who repub- 

 lished the fragment with a triple Latin translation in the 7th vol. of 

 the 'Thesaurus Antiq. Grajc.' ; Dindorf, 4 vols. 8vo, Lips. 1825; 

 and Westermann (referred to above), which contains a carefully revised 

 text and a preface in which is given much valuable information. 



The work of Stephanus contains many interesting particulars relative 

 to history and mythology; it treats of towns, nations, and tribes, 

 giving to each proper name its gentilitial adjective. It doeg not how- 

 ever appear, as some have supposed, that the chief object of the 

 author was to convey grammatical information, and a title to the 

 work, written at the end of the fragment already mentioned, and 

 quoted as proving this, is not considered genuine. The number of 

 authors cited in the fragment makes us the more regret the loss of so 

 valuable a compilation as the whole work must have been. The 

 notices of cities in the ' Epitome,' particularly of those which struck 

 coins, are very useful in the illustration of the local history and 

 topography of the ancient world. 



STEPHANUS. [STEPHENS.] 



STEPHEN, the first Christian martyr, has been supposed, on no 

 very sufficient grounds, to have been one of the 'seventy-two disciples.' 

 It is more likely that he was a Hellenistic Jew, and one of the large 

 body converted on the day of Pentecost by the preaching of St. Peter. 

 He appears to have been a person of some reputation, and was one of 

 the seven deacons chosen to attend to the temporal affairs of the 

 growing church. The Jews, from the different synagogues out of 

 Palestine, exasperatt d by the defection from their body of so eminent 

 a person as Stephen, lost no opportunity of contending vehemently 

 with him ; and ultimately brought him before the Sanhedrim, to give 

 an account of his belief and conduct. In answer, he commenced a 

 fine oration, the object of which appears to have been to open, histori- 

 cally, the true design of the Jewish dispensation, and the consumma- 

 tion of that design in Christ. The object of this discourse has however 

 been disputed; and it was in fact not fully developed by the speaker, 

 as he was interrupted by the clamours of the mob, who " were cut to 

 the heart, and gnashed on him with their teeth." He was however 

 encouraged by a vision of " heaven opened," and of Christ glorified ; 

 on declaring which to the people, they rushed upon him, dragged him 

 outside the city, and there stoned him to death, A.D. 33. With his last 

 breath he invoked the pardon of God for his murderers. This was 

 entirely an extrajudicial act, the effect of popular excitement ; for the 

 Sanhedrim did not convict him, and had indeed no power to inflict 

 death. 



STEPHEN I. was elected bishop of Rome after the death of 

 Lucius, A.D. 253. He was applied to by the Christians of Gaul con- 

 cerning some differences which they had with Martianus of Aries, who 

 appears to have been unusually austere in matters of discipline. Next 

 came the commotions among the Christians of Spain concerning the 

 two bishops Basilides and Martialia, who were both deposed. Basilides 

 went to Rome, and, it appears, prevailed upon Stephen to take his 

 part ; but the Spanish bishops applied to Cyprian of Carthage, who 

 approved of the despotism of Basilides, and caused it to be confirmed 

 by a council held in Africa. A controversy arose between Stephen 

 and Cyprian concerning the baptism of heretics, but the authenticity of 

 the letters of Cyprian and Firmilian concerning this controversy has 

 been disputed by some church historians and critics. Stephen died in 

 257, but the manner of his death is not clearly ascertained : the ' Acta 

 S. Stephani ' are not considered as genuine. Of Stephen's writings we 

 have only fragments of epistles. 



STEPHEN II. was elected after Zacharias in 752, but died three 

 days after his election, without being consecrated, for which reason he 

 is generally omitted in the series of the popes. 



STEPHEN III., a native of Rome, was elected the successor of 

 Stephen II. (752), and he is styled by many Stephen II. Astolphus, 

 king of the Longobards, having shortly before driven the Byzantines 

 out of Ravenna, and the Exarchate, and Pentapolis, marched towards 

 Rome, in violation of the peace concluded between hU predecessors 

 and that see, and having advanced as far as Narni, sent messengers to 

 the pope, requiring the inhabitants of Rome and its duchy to pay 

 him a capitation tax, and acknowledge him for their liege lord, 

 threatening to pillage Rome in case of refusal. Stephen, having 

 applied in vain for assistance to the Eastern emperor Constantino 

 Copronymus, who was at that time busy in breaking images and per- 

 secuting image-worshippers, had recourse to Pepin, king of the Franks, 

 whose accession to that throne in lieu of the deposed Childeric, the 

 last nominal king of the Merovingian dynasty, had been countenanced 

 and sanctioned by Zacharias, Stephen's predecessor. Pepin sent two 

 legates, to endeavour to prevail upon Astolphus to desist from annoy- 

 ing the pope. Their remonstrances proving useless, pope Stephen 

 determined to repair to France in company with Pepin's legates. 

 Pepin received the pope with the greatest respect, and was crowned 

 and anointed by him in the church of St. Denis, together with his 

 two sons Charles and Carlomaun. It was then* agreed between 

 Stephen and Pepin that Pepin should oblige Astolphus to evacuate 

 not only the duchy of Rome, but also the Exarchate and Pentapolis, 

 which he had taken from the Byzantines, and that those territories 



