773 



STRUTT, JOSKI'll. 



STRUVE, GEORQ ADAM. 



of his duties and the judgment with which he avoided all party strife, 

 that after the downfall of his brothtr he was set at liberty after a short 

 imprisonment, and permitted to return to his country. Frederic II. 

 received him with kindness, and offered to him the yet vacant place at 

 tin; academy of Liegnitz : but he refused the offer, and retired to his 

 country-seat of Al/euau, in the neighbourhood of Haynau in Silesia, 

 where he pursued his political and mathematical studies. Here he trans 

 Lited Pinto's ' Essays ou Political Economy' (1776), to which he added, 

 in 1777, a second volume containing essays of his own. These were 

 augmented and republished in 3 vols., Leipzig, 1800. It was here also 

 that he wrote 'A Short Description of the Commerce of the principal 

 European States,' a work which was completed by Sinapius, and con- 

 tains very important notices on the trade of the Prusso-Polonic states. 

 Upon this he was raised to the rank of counsellor of finances, and 

 appointed at Berlin director of the maritime trade. In this capacity 

 he distinguished himself by his extraordinary zeal and his politic 

 measures, and soon effected a rise in the trade, which had much 

 suffered under former administrations. For these services he was 

 made a noble, and received the name of Karlsbach in 1789 ; two years 

 afterwards he was appointed minister of state and president of the 

 board of excise, in which situation he died October 17, 1804. 



STRUTT, JOSEPH, an artist and antiquary of considerable merit, 

 was born at Springfield, in Essex, October 27, 1742. His father was 

 the owner of a mill at Springfield. At the age of fourteen the son 

 waa apprenticed to the unfortunate William Wynne Ryland, the 

 engraver, and afterwards became a student of the Royal Academy, 

 where he tried his talent at painting in oil. In 1771 he became a 

 student in the reading-room of the British Museum, the manuscript 

 stores of which gave a new bias to his pursuits, and where he con- 

 ceived, and obtained the best embellishments for, most of the literary 

 labours which he afterwards executed. 



In 1773 he published his first work, ' The Regal and Ecclesiastical 

 Antiquities of England, containing the representations of the English 

 monarchs from Edward the Confessor to Henry VIII.,' a thin volume 

 in quarto ; a new edition of which he published, with a Supplement, 

 in 1793. In 1774 he published the first volume 4to, of what he called 

 ' Horda-Angel-Cynnan, or a complete view of the Manners, Customs, 

 Arms, Habits, &c. of the Inhabitants of England, from the arrival of 

 the Saxons ;' the second volume of which appeared in 1775, and the 

 third in 1776. In 1777 and 1778 he published his 'Chronicle of 

 England,' in 2 .vols. 4to. He had intended to bring this work down 

 to his own time in six volumes, but not meeting with the encourage- 

 ment he looked for, he stopped at the Norman Conquest. His next 

 work was ' A Biographical Dictionary, containing an Account of all 

 the Engravers from the earliest period to the present time, illustrated 

 by engravings,' 2 vols. 4to, London 1785 and 1786 ; a work creditable 

 to his judgment and industry. 



In 1790 an asthmatic complaint rendered a country residence neces- 

 sary, when he retired to Bacon's farm in Hertfordshire, where he 

 employed a part of his time in engraving a series of plates in illustra- 

 tion of ' The Pilgrim's Progress.' Here he remained for four or five 

 year.?. In 1795 he returned to London, and began collecting materials 

 for his ' Complete View of the Dress and Habits of the People of 

 England from the establishment of the Saxons in Britain,' the first 

 volume of which he published in 1796, and the second in 1799. In 

 1801 he published the last work he lived to complete, on ' The Sports 

 and Pastimes of the People of England,' 4to ; reprinted in 1810. 4to, 

 and again in 8vo, edited by William Hone, in 1830. 



Mr. Strutt died, in narrow circumstances, in Charles Street, Hatton 

 Garden, October 16th, 1802. He left some manuscripts in the 

 possession of his son, from which ' Antient Times,' a drama in 4 

 vols., 12mo; and 'The Test of Guilt, or Traits of Antient Super- 

 stition, a dramatic tale, with the Bumpkin's Disaster,' &c., 4to, have 

 since been published, as well as ' Queen Hoo Hall,' a romance, illustra- 

 tive of ancient manners, left unfinished by Strutt, and for which Sir 

 Walter Scott, at the request of the publisher, Mr. Murray, wrote a 

 conclusion in 1808 ; to this Sir Walter in his general preface to the 

 Waverley Novels makes a special reference, not only as "a step in his 

 advance towards romantic composition," but as leading him to recur 

 to the Highland story he had already commenced, and in fact to recast 

 and complete Waverley. 



Nichols, in his 'Literary Anecdotes,' whose account we have prin- 

 cipally followed, enumerates (vol. v., pp. 685, 686,) a considerable 

 number of single plates which Mr. Strutt engraved and published, as 

 well as a few paintings in oil and drawings. 



STRUVE, GEORG ADAM, was born at Magdeburg, on the 26th of 

 September 1619. His father, the proprietor of Wandeslebeu, was 

 judge in the supreme court of the duchy of Magdeburg. The family 

 of Struve came originally from Brunswick, in which the grandfather of 

 tbe subject of this sketch possessed an equestrian fief. Some of the 

 ancestors of the mother of G. A. Struve had occupied high judicial offices, 

 and others had pursued, with success, the career of university honours. 

 Struve's father was too much occupied by his judicial duties to 

 superintend the minute details of his sou's education ; but his mother 

 laboured anxiously to instil devotional feelings into hia infant mind. 

 He received instruction in the first elements of Latin, and other 

 branches of knowledge, at the Lyceum of Magdeburg, until he attained 

 his eleventh year. In 1630 he was sent to the Gymnasium of Scbleu- 



eingeu, where he remained till 1636. His principal tutor was Reyher, 

 a man of great reputation as a teacher, who, brides grounding him 

 thoroughly in Greek and Latin, imparted to him some notions in 

 philosophy and belles-lettres. 



His family had suffered much during these six years from the 

 destruction of Magdeburg by Tilly's army, and the devastation of the 

 district in which their property lay. They led an unsettled life for 

 several years, sometimes in one town sometimes in another, till the 

 storm of war having drifted into other provinces, they ventured again 

 to take up their abode at Magdeburg. Not long after their return, 

 Georg Adam arrived at the house of his parents a few days sooner 

 than he was expected. Six years had so completely changed his 

 appearance, that he was received as a stranger both by his parents 

 and sisters, who did not recognise him until he declared hirn>-flt'. 



In June 1636, Struve entered the University of Jena. The taste 

 which he had acquired for literature and science, under bis school- 

 master, prompted him, although the law was his professional study, 

 to devote a good deal of time to the philoeohical classes. He attended 

 the lectures of Philip Herst upon ethics ; of Daniel Stahl upon logic 

 and metaphysics; of Johann Zeisold upon physic*; and of Johaim 

 Michael Dehlerr upon oratory and history. These were branches of 

 knowledge which the jurists of his day were only in a few rare 

 instances beginning to cultivate, but he found, in after life, advantage 

 from this preliminary intellectual discipline. Even at this early age, 

 if we may credit the narrative of his son, he had become aware of the 

 important lights which a study of history was calculated to throw 

 upon the doctrines of law, and the advantage a lawyer might derive 

 from cultivating a logical precision in the statement of his arguments 

 and an elegant die ;ion. So strong was his sense of the latter requisite, 

 that, in addition to the public lectures on rhetoric, he attended private 

 classes for practical exercise in oratory. Seeing also how much 

 depended in law upon precision of language, he extended hia inquiries 

 into the field of philology. 



All these pursuits however were carried on in subordination to his 

 legal studies. He attended the lectures of Peter Dieterich, Erasmus 

 Ungebauer, and Ortholph Fomman. The last-mentioned was a re- 

 lation of Struve's mother, and the young man had been confided to his 

 superintendence, a trust which he conecientiously discharged by a 

 watchful direction of his private studies. Struve had no relish for the 

 wild merriment which then, even more than in modern times, was 

 characteristic of the German student. He seems to have been of a quiet 

 and even timid disposition, for a fright that he got from some soldiers, 

 when a marauding party plundered Jena, soon after his arrival at the 

 university, impaired his health sensibly for several yearn His irre- 

 proachable conduct prepossessed the professors in his favour; and the 

 distinguished appearance he made in a disputation which he main- 

 tained, in the philosophical faculty, on his thesis ' De Victoria et 

 Clade,' in 1638, raised great expectations of his future eminence. He 

 quitted Jena on the llth of September 1639, and his public certificate 

 from the heads of the University was more than usually flattering. 



He remained upwards of a year in his father's house for the purpose 

 of re-establishing his health, which had not yet recovered from the 

 effects of the shock above alluded to. In the year 1641 he entered 

 himself at the University of Helmstadt, where he remained till April 

 1645. Hermann Conring was then in the vigour of life : Struve 

 attended during the summer of 1641 his lectures on the history of 

 ancient Germany, to which the ' Germauia ' of Tacitus^served as a 

 text-book. In the winter of the same year he heard Rudolph Diep- 

 hold's lectures upon 'genealogia historica,' as a supplement or con- 

 tinuation of Conring' s, whose lectures upon politics he attended at the 

 same time. In 1642 he was a member of a class to which Conring 

 expounded the ' Polities' of Aristotle. Heinrich Hahne, at that time 

 the most esteemed civilian in Germany, had ceased to lecture, but 

 Struve was fortunate enough to be selected as his amanuensis on some 

 occasions, and heard the ' Pandects ' explained by his colleague 

 Wesenbeck. His relation with Conrad Horn was more intimate, for 

 his father had placed him under the immediate control of that pro- 

 fessor, who exercised him, along with his other pupils, unremittingly 

 in private disputations. 



In January 1642, Struve maintained a public disputation in the 

 juridical faculty, on a thesis ' De Damnis, illis praecique quae ex dolo, 

 culpa, aut casu proveniunt, harumque correctionibus et prsestationibus.' 

 And in July 1643, he maintained one in the philosophical faculty, on 

 a thesis ' De Ducibus et Comitibus Imperil GermanicL' In February 

 1645, he again supported a juridical thesis ' De Vindicta Privata ;' and 

 having been admitted to the preliminary examinations, received his 

 licence as candidate for the degree of Doctor of Laws. 



Two months thereafter, before he had completed his twenty-sixth 

 year, he was appointed by Augustus, duke and archbishop of Magde- 

 burg, assessor to the magistrates of Halle, an office which he retained 

 not quite a year and a half. In the month of February 1646 he 

 received as a matter of course the title of Doctor ; and in the Decem- 

 aer following he was called to fill the chair of law in the University of 

 Jena, left vacant by the death of Fibigius. He was admitted an 

 assessor to the magistracy iu January 1647; and in June lb'48 au 

 assessor to the high court of the circle of Saxony. He continued in 

 the discharge of hi* judicial and academical duties till 1367. His 

 pinions were in great request both in controversies relating to public 



