959 



TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM. 



TENERANI, PIETRO, CAVALIERE. 



960 



in Ireland, and author of a History of the Irish Rebellion, which began 

 in 1641. He was educated first by his uncle, Dr. Henry Hammond, a 

 learned divine and zealous royalist ; and was afterwards, on his uncle 

 being turned out of his living by the parliament, sent to a school at 

 Bishop-Stortford, and, at the age of seventeen, to Emmanuel College, 

 Cambridge, where the celebrated Cudworth was his tutor. He is said 

 by his sister, Lady Giffard, who wrote a memoir of him, to have 

 passed a gay idle life at Cambridge, and after having been there about 

 two years he went away without a degree. He then went abroad, and 

 having spent two years in France, and visited Holland, Flanders, and 

 Germany, he returned to England, skilled in the French and Spanish 

 languages. As he was about to start on his travels he met, in the 

 Isle of Wight, the young lady to whom, after many delays and diffi- 

 culties, arising out of want of fortune and the opposition of the friends 

 of both, lie was eventually united. She was the daughter of Sir Peter 

 Osborne, a devoted adherent of Charles L, and a great sufferer by his 

 devotion. Letters of hers which are preserved show her to have been 

 a very superior woman : she remained faithful to Temple through a 

 long engagement, amid many and great discouragements, and at last, 

 after the death of her father, and after six years' waiting, they were 

 married in 1654. It appears that among many offers which she 

 rejected for Temple was one from Henry Cromwell. 



Temple was trained to no profession, though his father was poor, 

 independently of his appointment as Master of the Rolls in Ireland, 

 and when deprived of this for some years during the civil wars, was 

 exceedingly hampered in his finances. Sir John Temple was restored 

 to this appointment in 1653, the year before his sou's marriage; and 

 his son, after his marriage, resided with him in Ireland. Under his 

 father's roof in Dublin, or in a country-seat in the county of Carlo w, 

 Temple passed five years, which were divided between literary pur- 

 suits and county business, and which were marked by the birth and 

 death of five children. In 1660 Temple was chosen, without solicita- 

 tion or even previous knowledge, member of the Irish convention of 

 that year for the county of Carlow. 



After the Restoration he was re-elected for the same county in the 

 first regular parliament that was called : he had his father for his 

 colleague, and a younger brother was member for the city of Carlow. 

 He appears to have been a very active and useful member of parlia- 

 ment. In July 1661 he was one of the commissioners sent to wait on 

 the king and urge several measures affecting the interests of Ireland. 

 On the prorogation of the parliament in 1663 Temple went to reside 

 in England. He carried an introduction from the Duke of Ormond to 

 Lord Arlington, secretary of state, who conceived a great fondness for 

 him, and procured him to be appointed, in 1665, on a secret mission 

 to the Bishop of Miinster. The object of this mission was to watch 

 over an invasion by the Bishop of Minister of the United Provinces, 

 towards which England, then at war with the Dutch, had guaranteed 

 a subsidy ; and though the bishop, who had made the first advances 

 to England, went off from his engagement, and, in fear of France, 

 concluded a separate treaty with the Dutch, Temple was not in any 

 way to blame for this failure of the object of his mission. Indeed 

 his employer was so satisfied with the way in which he had acquitted 

 himself in his first diplomatic employment, that he was appointed in 

 the same year, through Lord Arliugtou's influence, resident at the 

 vice-regal court of Spain at Brussels. 



Temple's residence at Brussels for two years presents no feature of 

 peculiar interest. It was his business at first to watch over the 

 neutrality of Spain in the Dutch war, and assist in cultivating a good 

 understanding between Spain and England, with a view to a treaty 

 which was then being negociated at Madrid, but which never came to 

 pass, and subsequently to bring about peace with the United Provinces 

 and with France. This last object was accomplished in July 1G67, by 

 the treaty of Breda, which however Temple had no part in negociating, 

 and the mode of bringing about which he had not altogether approved 

 of. In 1666 Temple's services had been rewarded, without any soli- 

 citation on his part, by a baronetcy. 



In the close of the year 1667 Temple received orders from Arlington 

 to repair to the Hague, to negociate a treaty against France, and for 

 the protection of the Spanish Netherlands from that power ; and by 

 his energy, judgment, and address the celebrated Triple Alliance was 

 concluded on the 23rd of January 1668. England, Holland, and 

 Sweden bound themselves by this alliance to bring about peace 

 between France and Spain, and to prevent France from entering the 

 Low Countries. Temple had thus achieved an object which he had 

 had at heart, even before the treaty of Breda, so favourable to French 

 views, a blow to the ambition of Louis XIV. The successful conclu- 

 sion of this treaty established Temple's diplomatic fame, and was of 

 the first importance to England and Europe. 



Temple was next appointed ambassador at Aix, where the negocia- 

 tions for peace between France and Spain, in pursuance of the Triple 

 Alliance, were to be carried on. On the conclusion of the peace of 

 Aix he was appointed ambassador at the Hague. Here he continued, 

 carrying out the policy of the Triple Alliance, till September 1670, 

 when a complete change having been silently worked in the councils 

 of Charles II., and the celebrated secret treaty having been made with 

 France, Temple was ordered home, found himself on his arrival in 

 England no longer in the confidence of Arlington, and in the summer 

 of 1671 was dismissed from his post. There was a rumour that 



Temple's dismissal had been made a condition by the French govern- 

 ment. (Temple's 'Works,' ii. 179.) He now retired to Sheen, and 

 meditated never again returning to public life, saying that " he had 

 been long enough in courts and public business to know a great deal 

 of the world and of himself, and to find that they were not made for 

 one another." 



During this retirement Temple devoted himself to gardening, the 

 improvement of his house at Sheen, and literature, and published seve- 

 ral of the works on which his reputation as a writer rests ; among 

 them, the ' Observations upon the United Provinces,' published in 

 1672. Temple was summoned however from his literary retirement 

 in the summer of 1674, to conclude the second Dutch war, and he 

 obeyed the summons. He was on the point of starting for the Hague, 

 as envoy and plenipotentiary for this purpose, when the Spanish 

 ambassador in London received full power to negociate there, and iu 

 three days the treaty of Westminster was concluded. Temple waa 

 now offered the embassy to Spain, which, at his father's wish, he 

 refused. He was very soon after appointed again to the Hague, as 

 ambassador extraordinary, and the next year ambassador to the con- 

 gress at Nimeguen. The peace of Nimeguen, concluded in the begin- 

 ning of 1679, ill carried out the views which Temple assiduously 

 laboured to establish ; and he was glad to avail himself of a point of 

 form for the purpose of withholding his signature to the treaty. 



Temple now returned to England to receive an offer of the post of 

 secretary of state, which he refused. He was much consulted by the 

 king, who had just lost the services of Lord Danby ; and in the minis- 

 terial difficulties which followed upon Danby's impeachment and com- 

 mittal, Temple submitted to the king a plan of a council, which the 

 king adopted ; not always following Temple's opinions however as to 

 the persons of whom it should be composed, and, above all, in defiance 

 of his advice, placing Lord Shaftesbury at the head of it. This council 

 was not long-lived, but it did not die until after its author had been, 

 removed from it. [CHARLES II.] 



Thus ended Temple's political career. The remainder of his life 

 was passed in the country, and divided between learning and rural 

 pursuits. He now composed his ' Memoirs.' He died on the 27th of 

 January 1699. No particulars of his death have been transmitted 

 to us. 



After the Revolution of 1688, Sir William Temple refused office 

 from William III., who was very anxious for his counsel and for the 

 authority of Lis name. But his son, with his permission, accepted the 

 place of secretary at war, and within a week after committed suicide. 



Neither as statesman nor as author does Sir William Temple occupy 

 a foremost place ; but in both characters he is more than respectable. 

 The following is a happy description, by Sir James Mackintosh, of his 

 character as a diplomatist and statesman : " He was a most admirable 

 person. He seems to be the model of a negotiator, uniting politeness 

 and address to honesty. His merit as a domestic politician is also very 

 great : in an age of extremes he was attached to liberty, and yet averse 

 from endangering the public quiet. Perhaps diplomatic habits had 

 smoothed away his turbulence too much for such a government as 

 England." (' Life of Mackintosh,' ii. 199.) Dr. Johnson, speaking of 

 .Sir William Temple as a writer, has said that " he was the first writer 

 who gave cadence to English prose." 



There are two or three biographies of Temple ; one by Abel Boyer, 

 published about fourteen years after his death, and another by his 

 sister, Lady Giffard, prefixed to the edition of his works published in 

 1731 in 2 vols. folio. A very laboured and somewhat diffuse life was 

 published in 1836, in 2 vols. 8vo, by the late Mr. Peregrine Courteuay, 

 and to this work all who wish for the fullest information as to Temple's 

 life will resort. The best edition of Temple's works is that published 

 in 1814 in 4 vols. 8vo. 



* TENERANI, PIETRO, CAVALIERE, an eminent Italian sculptor, 

 was born towards the close of the last century. He began his studies 

 under Canova at Rome, but owes more perhaps to the instruction and 

 example of Thorwaldseu, in whose atelier he worked for some time, 

 and upon whose departure he succeeded to the highest place among 

 the sculptors of Rome. His first work was a marble statue of 'Psyche 

 with the box of Pandora,' executed in!819, and now in the Lenzoni palace 

 at Florence. Since then a vast number of Venuses, Cupids, Psyches, 

 and other deities and personages from Greek and Roman mythology 

 have proceeded from his chisel, and they have always been admired 

 for their grace and beauty. Of many of these he has been required to 

 produce more than one repetition. But he has also executed numerous 

 religious works. Such are his ' Christ on the Cross;' his large relievo 

 of the ' Descent from the Cross ' in the Torlonia Chapel ; his ' Martyr- 

 dona of Eudorus,' &c. His monumental statues are also numerous, and 

 several are of colossal size ; they are to be found in the cities of the 

 New World as well as in many of the European capitals. Among them 

 are the statues of Leuchtenberg and Von Orloff at St. Petersburg; 

 the bronze colossal statue of Ferdinand II. of Naples, at Messina, 

 cast at Munich iu 1845; of Ferdinand III., at Pisa; of Bolivar for 

 Columbia ; and of Count Rossi, who was killed at Rome in 1848. Other 

 celebrated statues by him are those of St. John the Evangelist in the 

 Church of St. Francesco di Paolo at Naples, of St. Ligoriug in the 

 Vatican, of St. Paul, St. Benedict, &c. ; and he has executed numerous 

 busts. Tenerani has received commissions from the princes aud 

 nobility of almost every country in Europe. Many of his works are in 



