971 



TEEENTIA. 



TERNAUX, BARON. 



072 



fully employed. He visited Miinster during the sitting of the cele- 

 brated congress at which the treaty that terminated the Thirty Years' 

 War was concluded. Here he painted his most celebrated picture, 

 containing the portraits of the sixty-nine plenipotentiaries assembled 

 on that important occasion. Count Pigoranda, the Spanish ambassador 

 at Miinster, induced him to visit Spain, where he painted the portraits 

 of King Philip IV. and all the royal family, aud of many of the most 

 distinguished nobility. His performances gave such satisfaction to 

 the Spanish king, that he conferred on him the honour of knighthood, 

 and presented him with a gold chain and medal, a sword, and silver 

 spurs. After finally returning to his own country he married, and 

 was made burgomaster of the town of Deventer, where he lived in 

 affluence, and died in 1631, at the age of seventy-three years. 



The subjects which Terburgh generally painted were portraits, con- 

 versations, persons engaged at different games, performers on musical 

 instruments, ladies at their toilets. He finished his pictures highly, 

 with a light and delicate touch, and is remarkable for introducing 

 white satin in the dress of some figure in all his compositions : he 

 always took care to throw the principal light upon it, and seems never 

 to have painted a picture without satin drapery. Dr. Waagen says of 

 him, " Terburgh is the real founder of the art of painting conversation 

 pieces, and at the same time the most eminent master in this style. 

 In delicacy of execution he is inferior to none, and in a certain tender 

 fusing of the colours he excels all others ; but none can be compared 

 with him in the enchanting harmony and silvery tone, and the 

 observance of the aerial perspective. His figures, which are well 

 drawn, have an uncommon ease of refinement, and are frequently 

 very graceful." Many of his capital works are in England, in the 

 collections of Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Sutherland, Lord Ash- 

 burton, Mr. Hope, the Marquis of Bute, and her Majesty. 



TERENTIA. [CICERO.] 



TERENTIA'NUS MAURUS. [MAURTJS TERENTIANUS.] 



TERENTIUS, or more fully P. TERENTIUS AFER, was -one of 

 the two comic poets of Rome whose works have come down to us. 

 The facts of his life were matter of dispute even among the Romans 

 themselves. If we may rely upon the biography attributed by some 

 to Donatus, by others to Suetonius, he was born at Carthage, and 

 became the slave of a Roman senator named Terentius Lucanus who, 

 pleased with his abilities and handsome person, first gave him a 

 liberal education and afterwards his freedom at an early age. Some, 

 on the other hand, stated that he originally fell into slavery as a 

 prisoner of war. At Rome he lived on terms of intimacy with many 

 men of family, more particularly the second Scipio Africanus and his 

 friend Lselius, who were even said to have assisted in the composi- 

 tion of the six comedies which bear the name of Terence. There 

 were even some who asserted that these two 'nobles merely borrowed 

 the name of Terence for what was wholly their own. Before he had 

 completed his thirty-fifth year he left Rome, either to avoid the odium 

 which grew out of the suspicion that he had published the writings 

 of others as his own, or to study the institutions and manners of the 

 Greek nation, and thus qualifiy himself for fresh exertions in the field 

 he had chosen. He never returned, but the accounts of his death 

 were various. Some said that he embarked for Asia, and was never 

 seen from the hour of his embarkation ; others that he died on his 

 way back from Greece, where he had translated one hundred and 

 eight plays of Menander ; while others again contended that having 

 sent his translated plays in a separate ship, he received the news that 

 this ship with his valued property was lost at sea, and died through 

 grief, in the consulship of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella and M. Fulvius 

 NobUior, either at Stymphalus in Arcadia or at the Leucadian pro- 

 montory. He was of moderate stature, slender figure, and dark 

 complexion. He left a daughter, who married a Roman of equestrian 

 rank, and a property of six jugers on the Appian road. But another 

 authority reports that he died in the most abject poverty. Eusebius, 

 or rather St. Jerome, places the death of Terence in the reign of 

 Ptolemy Philometor, and this king died in the third year of the 158th 

 Olympiad, or the close of B.C. 146. 



The difficulties iu the life of Terence are chiefly of a chronological 

 character : the following table of ascertained dates bears upon it : 



B.C. 218. Commencement of Second Punic War. 



B.C. 201. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. 



B.c. 185. Birth of Scipio Africanus the younger. 



B.C. 184. Death of Plautus. 



B.C. 169. Death of Ennius. 



B.C. 168. Death of Csecilius (partly on the authority of St. Jerome.) 



B.C. 166. The ' Andria ' acted at the Megalensiau games. 



B.C. 165. The ' Hecyra' acted at the same games. 



B.C. 163. The ' Hautontimorumenos ' acted at the same games. 



B.C. 161. The 'Eunuchos' acted at the same games, and the 

 ' Phormio ' at the Roman games. 



B.C. 160. Death of ^Eoiilius Paulus. The ' Adelphoe,' acted at his 

 funeral games, at the expense of his sons Fabiu* and Scipio. 



B.C. 159. Consulship of Cn. Cornelius Dolabella and M. Fulvius 

 Nobilior. 



B.C. 149. Commencement of the Third Punic War. 



Thus it appears that the whole period of Terence's life must have 

 been included in the peace between the Second and Third Punic wars; 

 so that if taken prisoner in war, that war could not have been one 



between Rome and Carthage. Again there is a chronological difficulty 

 in the story that the poet, when he offered his ' Audria ' to the 

 sediles, was directed to obtain the approval of Csecilius; that he 

 accordingly went to the house of the latter, and was coldly bidden to 

 seat himself on a stool and commence reading while the other dined; 

 but that after a few verses Caecilius was so charmed that he invited 

 Terence to take his seat at the table and ditie with him, after which 

 he rea 1 through the remainder of the play and filled Csecilius with 

 admiration. Now the death of Csecilius, though the date, as we have 

 observed, is in some measure founded upon the testimony of St. 

 Jerome, occurred two years before the 'Andria' was acted. The 

 assertion that Scipio and Lselius assisted the poet is not altogether 

 rendered impossible by the youth of the parties, although Scipio was 

 but nineteen when the ' Andria ' was acted, and Laelius was of about 

 the same age as his friend ; but the difficulty becomes greater when 

 we find in the prologue of the ' Adelphoe,' that the nobles who were 

 said to give him their aid are spoken of in terms scarcely applicable to 

 men so young. 



Be the parties charged to have lent their aid to the poet who they 

 may, it is clear that the poet gives no denial to the accusation, either 

 in the words just alluded to or in the prologue to the ' Hautoutimo- 

 rumenos.' Even Cicero (' Ad Atticutn,' vii. 3) mentions the report 

 that Lselius was the real author ; and Cornelius Nepos, who by the 

 way makes the three parties, Scipio, Lselius, and Terence, of the same 

 age (sequales), tells us an anecdote which confirms the report. 

 C. Laelius, says he, happening to pass the Matronalia (a festival on the 

 1st of March, when the husband for once in the year was bound to 

 obey the lady) in his villa near Puteoli, was told that dinner was 

 waiting, but still neglected the summons. At last, when he made his 

 appearance, he excused himself by saying that he had been in a. pecu- 

 liar vein of composition, and quoted certain verses which occur in the 

 ' Hautontimorumenos,' namely, those beginning " Satis pol proterve 

 me Syri promissa hue induxerunt." 



The fact of the poet being called Terentius is perfectly in harmony 

 with the circumstance of his alleged master having that name, as it 

 was the- ordinary practice of the manumitted slave to take the nomen 

 and prsenomen of his late master. On the other hand, it it altogether 

 an error on the part of Orosius to confound the poet with the 

 Q. Terentius Culleo, who, in the garb of a manumitted slave, accom- 

 panied the triumphal procession of Scipio after his destruction of 

 Carthage in the year B.C. 146. The name of Afer seems to confirm his 

 Carthaginian birth, unless indeed that assertion be only an inference 

 from the name itself. 



Terence acknowledges in the titles to his plays his obligations to the 

 Greek comedians Menander and Apollodorus; but he was not a mere 

 translator, for one of the charges brought against him was that he 

 drew the materials of a single play from two or more of the Greek 

 plays. He was much and deservedly admired by his countrymen, 

 even by Csesar himself, notwithstanding the phrase in which he speaks 

 of him as a "dwarfed Menander" (dimidiate Menander). From 

 Plautus, with whom alone we can now make any satisfactory com- 

 parison, he differs most widely. Though Plautus excelled in powerful 

 but ludicrous expressions, he was altogether deficient in the formatiou 

 and development of a plot. Terence, on the other hand though even 

 he occasionally introduces the buffoonery of the ' miles gloriosus,' the 

 'parasitus,' and the 'currens servus,' to gratify the prejudices of his 

 more unpolished hearers, who were better able to appreciate the 

 merits of a boxer or a rope-dancer, still deserves our admiration for 

 his efforts to place before his countrymen the comedy of manners. If 

 he was not always successful, the failure was due to the rude minds 

 of his spectators and the magnitude of a Roman theatre, and perhaps 

 also to the use of masks, which, if always used, must have been a 

 serious obstacle to the best efforts of the comic actor. The best 

 edition of Terence is that of Bentley, Amsterdam, 1727. The modern 

 imitations of Terence may be seen in Dunlop's ' Roman Literature.' 

 George Colman has translated the comedies of Terence into English. 

 There are French translations by Madame Dacier and Le Monuier. 



TERENTIUS CLEMENS, a Roman jurist, whose period is uncertain, 

 but he lived after Julianus, or was at least his contemporary, for he 

 cites him. (' Dig.,' 24, tit. 6, s. 6.) He wrote twenty books 'Ad Legem 

 Juliam et Papiam,' from which there are some excerpts in the Digest. 

 He is not cited by any jurist in the Digest. 



TERNAUX, GUILLAUME LOUIS, BARON, a celebrated French 

 manufacturer, was born at Sedan in the Ardennes, on the 8th of 

 October 1763. He was brought up by his father for business. When 

 the revolution broke out he enthusiastically embraced the popular 

 cause, but in 1790 he raised his voice against the Assiguats in a 

 paper, entitled ' Voeu d'un patriote sur les Asdgnats.' In 1793 he 

 was obliged to leave France on account of his political views. He 

 visited England and Belgium, and made good use of the opportunities 

 afforded to make himself acquainted with the manufacturing industry 

 of these countries. Under the Directory he returned to Paris, where 

 he devoted himself to the development of the industry and com- 

 merce of France. Although he had spoken and written against 

 Napoleon I., the latter sought to distinguish him. Although Napo- 

 leon's views occasioned him great loss, he yet maintained the credit of 

 his firm, wherever he had establishments in Europe. After the restora- 

 tion he devoted himself to the maintenance of the Bourbons on the 



