TERPANDER. 



TERTULLIANUS, QUINTUS SEPTIMIUS. 



974 



throne, as more consistent with the commercial and industrial welfare 

 of France. During the hundred duys he was obliged to remove to 

 Belgium. After the second restoration he became a commander in 

 the National Guard of Paris, and was consulted by the government 

 'on all industrial questions. During the year of panic in Frauce (1816) 

 he took an active part in recommending various substances as articles 

 of food. He wrote also upon the preservation of corn in silos or 

 subterranean caverns in preference to stacks or granaries, as the best 

 means of preserving corn from the attacks of rats and other animals. 

 He was sent as a deputy to the Chamber, for the department of the 

 Seine in 1818, and also in 1823, and again in 1827. Not being a good 

 speaker he wrote his speeches, and when printed they produced a 

 great impression. These speeches were published and circulated 

 extensively through France, and were mostly upon questions of 

 finance and public works, In 1830 he was one of the 221 who signed 

 the celebrated address, and took an active part in the revolution of 

 that year. He died on the 2nd of April 1833. He was one of the 

 first manufacturers in France to use spinning machines in the manu- 

 facture of cotton and cloth. He exerted himself to improve the breed 

 of sheep. He also improved greatly the manufacture of tie finer 

 kinds of shawls, and was principally instrumental in the acclimatising 

 of the. Thibet sheep in France, from which the finer kinds of wool are 

 produced. Louis XVIII. conferred on him the title of Baron in 1821. 

 The modern industry of France owes much to the genius, exertions 

 and enterprise of Baron Ternaux. 



TERPA'NDER (TfpiravSpos), the earliest and the most important 

 historical personage in the history of Greek music and its connection 

 with poeti'y, for he was both a musician and a poet. He was a native 

 of Antissa, in the island of Lesbos, and his best period falls in the 

 latter half of the seventh century before Christ. There are few 

 events in his life that can be chronologically established. In B.C. 

 676, at the first celebration of the musical contests during the festival 

 of the Carneia near Sparta, Terpander was crowned as victor. 

 (Athenams, xiv., p. 635.) He afterwards gained four successive prizes 

 in the musical contests at the Pythian games (Plutarch, ' De Musica,' 

 4) ; and these victories probably fall between the years B.C. 672 and 

 645, since in the latter of these years he was at Sparta, and there 

 introduced his nomcs (v6/j.oi) for singing to the accompaniment of the 

 cithara, and was engaged in reducing the music of the Greeks, such as 

 it then was, to a regular system. (' Marmou. Parium, Epoch.' 34 ; 

 Plutarch, 'De Mus.,' 9.) At this time his fame must have reached its 

 height. His descendants, or at least the musicians in his school 

 (KiOaptpSoi), continued for more than a century to obtain the prize at 

 the Carneia every year without interruption. 



Numerous musical inventions are said to have been made by 

 Terpander; many of them however may have been made by other 

 persons, especially such as belonged to his school, and subsequently 

 ascribed to the father and founder of the art. Of many of his 

 inventions we are unable to form any clear idea. The most important 

 among them however is the seven-stringed cithara (heptachord). Pre- 

 vious to his time songs, hymns, and rhapsodies had been accompanied 

 with a cithara of only four strings (tetrachord), to which Terpander 

 added three new strings, so as to make the cithara comprise a full 

 octave, or, as the Greeks call it, a diapason. The heptachord soon 

 came into general use, and remained the favourite instrument of the 

 Greeks, especially the Dorians, notwithstanding the various alterations 

 and improvements that were made. Another very important improve- 

 ment which the ancients unanimously assign to Terpander, is the 

 reduction of the ancient melodies to certain systems (v6/wi) which con- 

 tinued unaltered for several centuries. These nomes appear to have 

 been of a twofold character : he either invented them himself, or he 

 merely fixed those which had been used before his time. This fixing of 

 certain tunes and melodies he is said to have effected by marks or notes 

 which he made over the verses of a poem. In this manner he marked 

 the tunes of his own poems, as well as of portions of the Homeric rhap- 

 sodies. His own poetical compositions, whish, with the exceptions of a 

 few fragments, are now lost, consisted of hymns, procemia, and scolia. 



(Miiller, History of the literature of Anticnt Greece, i., p. 149, &c. ; 

 Bode, Geschickte der Lyrische DichtTcunst der Hellenen, ii., p. 363, &c.) 



TERRASSON, JEAN, was born at Lyon in 1670 : his father was 

 Pierre Terrasson, one of a family of considerable eminence and activity 

 in that city, and a man whose devout temper led him to make all his 

 four sons (of whom Jean was the eldest) members of the Congregation 

 of the Oratory. They were all at Paris in the house of that Society 

 when their father died : the three younger remained members of the 

 Congregation, but Jean (now a sub-deacon) whose disposition dis- 

 inclined him to the life of an ecclesiastic, quitted the Society, not 

 however without having acquired considerable acquaintance with 

 theology. The simplicity of character which ever distinguished him 

 rendered him the dupe of men, by whom his small patrimony was 

 Boon wasted ; but he found a shelter in the house of a friend, M. 

 Re"mond, to whose son he became tutor. He subsequently (1714) 

 undertook the education of the son of his cousin Mathieu Terrasson, a 

 celebrated advocate in the parliament of Paris. He had become an 

 associate of the Acaddmie Royale des Sciences in 1707. In 171 5 he made 

 his first appearance as an author by taking part in the dispute then 

 raging on the value of the Homeric Poems, and the comparative 

 merits of the ancients and moderns. His work was entitled ' Disser- 



tation Critique sur Iliade d'Homere,' 2 vols. 12mo, Paris : it met with 

 a favourable reception from those who joined in or approved of the 

 attacks then made on Homer, who was severely criticised. Next year 

 Terrasson published an addition to his dissertation on Homer, in 

 12mo, in reply to Andre* Dacier, by whom he had been attacked. In 

 1719 the financial system of Law enabled Terrasson to obtain a large 

 fortune, and induced him to form an establishment and set up his 

 carriage : but wealth was to him rather a source of embarrassment 

 than of pleasure ; and when he lost his fortune the next year in the 

 financial change which took place, he contentedly observed that it 

 would be more convenient to him to live on a little. In 1720 he 

 published a small work in defence of Law's financial schemes, entitled 

 ' Trois Lettres sur le Nouveau Systeme des Finances,' 56 pp. 4to, Paris, 

 and another small work in defence of the French India Company. He 

 saved some small part of his fortune from the general wreck; and thu, 

 with the income of a professorship, which he obtained next year 

 (1721) in the College Royal, and a pension subsequently conferred by 

 the crown, rendered his circumstances easy for the rest of his life. 

 He became a member of the Academic Francaise in 1732. 



In 1731 Terraeson published a romance in imitation of the ' Tele- 

 inaque ' of Fe'ne'lon. It was entitled ' Sdthoa,' 3 vols. 12mo, Paris, and 

 professed to be a translation of a Greek manuscript. The scene is kid 

 chiefly in Egypt. This work passed through several editions, but never 

 became popular. An English translation was published in 1732. In 

 the years 1737-44 he published the seven successive volumes in 12mo, 

 of a translation of Diodorus Siculus. This translation has been re- 

 printed once or twice, but is very inaccurate. This was his last work 

 of any extent. His memory and his bodily strength gradually failed, 

 and he died in 1750, aged eighty. He wrote also a treatise entit.led ' De 

 1'Infini Cre"e,' of which he allowed one or two transcripts to be taken 

 during his life; but it was never published, nor was the original 

 manuscript found among his papers at his decease. He left also a 

 small work, published after his decease, entitled 'La Philosophic 

 applicable a tous les Otjets de 1'Esprit et de la Rakon 1 (Paris, 

 8vo, 1754). 



TERTULLIA'NUS, QUINTUS SEPTIMIUS FLORENS, the 

 earliest of the Latin ecclesiastical writers, lived in the latter part of 

 the second century and the beginning of the third. The exact date of 

 his birth is unknown ; Tillemont supposes that it was in A.D. 160, and 

 others have fixed it as early as 135. He was born, according to 

 Jerome ('De Vir. Illust.,' 53), at Carthage, where hia father was a 

 centurion in the service of the proconsul of Africa. He embraced 

 the profession of an advocate or rhetorician, in which he appears to 

 have attained to some eminence. During this period of his life he 

 was a heathen, as he himself informs us (' Apolog.,' 18; 'De Spectac.,' 

 19; ' De Resurrect. Cam.,' 19, 59; ' De Pcenitent.,' 1). He was con- 

 verted to Christianity at Carthage in all probability, though an expres- 

 sion of Eusebius (' Hist. Ecc.,' ii. 2) has been thought to imply that bis 

 conversion took place at Rome. Immediately upon his conversion he 

 was ordained a presbyter. About the end of the 2nd century (several 

 writers suppose about the year 200), he became a Montanist. Jerome 

 (I. c.) ascribes this change to his suffering from the envy and insults of 

 the clergy of the Roman church, but a more adequate and more pro- 

 bable reason for it is found in the character of Tertullian himself. In 

 his writings composed before his Montanism he shows many traces of 

 that zeal and asceticism which formed the peculiar characteristic of 

 the Montanists. It has been doubted whether he remained a Monta- 

 nist to his death. Some have thought that he returned to the catholic 

 church, and others suppose that he at last settled down into opinions 

 intermediate between those of the Montanists and those of the 

 orthodox. For neither of these suppositions is there any sufficient 

 proof. There,, existed indeed at Carthage, in the 5th century, a sect 

 called Tertullianists ; but between them and Tertullian there appears 

 to have been no historical connection. Whether he remained a Mon- 

 tanist or not, he continued to be held in the greatest respect by the 

 African churches. It fact it is to his influence that we must trace 

 the characteristics which distinguished those churches from other 

 Christians, and which at length, through Augustine, gave a tone to 

 the Christianity of the West. His influence was especially great upon 

 Cyprian, in whose writings there is much which closely resembles 

 some of Tertullian's, and of whom Jerome says that in asking for the 

 works of Tertullian he was wont to say, ' Da magistrum' (' Give me 

 my master '). 



The date of Tertullian's death is unknown, but we are told by 

 Jerome that he lived to a great age. One of his works ('Ad Scapu- 

 lam ') was written as late as A.D. 216. 



A large portion of his works have come down to us, and these may 

 be divided into three classes: (1) apologetic, (2) practical, and (3) 

 doctrinal or controversial. The same classification is sometimes stated 

 differently, as follows : (1) writings against the heathen ; (2) writings 

 on the nature, morals, rites, &c. of the church; and (3) writings against 

 heretics. It is important to distinguish, if possible, between the 

 works which he wrote before he became a Montanist and those which 

 he wrote afterwards. This distinction has been attempted by Neander 

 and Bahr. On the other hand, a few writers have thought that all the 

 works of Tertullian were composed after he adopted the opinions of 

 Montanus. (J. G. Hoffmann, 'Diss. omnia TertulL in Montanismo 

 scripta videri,' Wittenberg, 1738.) 



