081 



TEZEL, JOHANN. 



THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE. 



importance, but his voyage up the Persian Gulf, and his route from 

 Basrah to Meshed-Ali, Baghdad, Anna, Aleppo, and Scanderoon, may 

 still be studied with advantage. 



Antonio and Leon Pinelo mention a book entitled ' Naufragio de 

 Jorge Albuquerque e Prosopopeia a seu louvor,' published at Lisbon 

 in 1601, by a Peter Texeira, but do not identify him with our author. 

 A ' Certificacion del Discubrimiento do el Maranon,' by a Pedro 

 Texeyra, ' Capitan Maior del Para,' is appended to the account of the 

 discovery of that river, published at Madrid in 1641, by Christoval de 

 Acuna : this was apparently a different person. A third geographer 

 of the name of Pedro Texeira is mentioned by Antonio as alive at 

 Madrid a few years previous to the publication of his dictionary 

 (1672) : this one compiled a map of Portugal and a 'Description de la 

 Costa do Espafia,' neither of which appear to have been published. 



( Voyages de Texeira, ou 1'IIistoire des Rois de Perse, traduite d'Es- 

 pagnol en Fran9aise, a Paris, 12mo, 1681; Epitome de la JUbliotheca 

 Oriental y Occidental, Nautica y Geografica, de Don Antonio de Leon 

 Pinelo, en Madrid, fol., 1738 ; Ittbliotheca Ilispana Nova, Auctore D. 

 Nicolao Antonio, recoguita, einendata, et aucta, Matriti, fol., 1788 ; 

 Tarich : h. e. Series Regum Persies ab Ardschir-Bdbekan, usque ad 

 Jazdigerdem, a Chalifitiis expulsum, authore Wilhelmo Scbikard, 

 Tubingte, 4to, 1628 ; Persia, seu Reyni Persici Status, Variaque Itinera 

 in atque per Persiam, Lugd. Batav., 24mo, 1633.) 



TEZEL, or TETZEL, JOHANN, a Dominican monk, who lived 

 about the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century. 

 His name would have been forgotten but for the scandalous manner 

 in which he carried on the traffic in indulgences, which roused the 

 indignation of the better part of his contemporaries, and thus led to 

 the reformation in Germany. He was a native of Leipzig, where he 

 studied theology, and afterwards entered the order of the Dominicans 

 in the Pauliner Klostcr. In the year 1502 the pope appointed him 

 preacher of indulgences for Germany. He converted this office into a 

 most lucrative traffic, and is said to have made use of the basest 

 means for the purpose of obtaining money. His conduct too was so 

 bad, that he was condemned at Inspruck to be sewed up in a sack and 

 to be drowned, having been convicted of adultery. But the inter- 

 ference of his superiors caused the sentence to be changed into 

 imprisonment for life. He was accordingly conveyed to Leipzig, and 

 confined in a tower which stood in that city near the Grimmagate 

 (Grimmaer-Thor) until the year 1834, when it was pulled down. He 

 had however not been imprisoned long before he was set at liberty at 

 tho request of Albert, archbishop of Mainz, and other ecclesiastical 

 dignitaries. Tezel now made a pilgrimage to Rome, and acted the 

 part of a penitent so well, that Pope Leo X. not only absolved him of 

 his sin., but appointed him commissarius apostolicus in Germany, in 

 addition to which the archbishop of Mainz made him 'inquisitor 

 hsereticae pravitatis.' In his capacity of papal commissary he now 

 carried on his traffic in indulgences more impudently than ever. He 

 traversed Saxony in an open carriage, accompanied by attendants, and 

 carrying with him two chests, one of which contained the indulgences, 

 and the other the money raised from their sale. This latter chest is 

 said to have had the following inscription : 



" Sobald das geld im kasten klingt, 

 Sobald die seel' gen himmel springt." 

 (So soon as the gold in the chest rings, 

 So soon the soul to heaven springs.) 



His reputation for sanctity had become so great, that in several 

 places the population of towns met him in solemn procession, and this 

 entry was accompanied with the ringing of the church-bells. He sold 

 indulgences for all crimes, murder, perjury, adultery, and not only for 

 crimes already committed, but also for those which a person might 

 commit. At last, in the year 1517, Luther openly opposed him, in 

 the celebrated theses which he fixed on the church-door of Wittemberg. 

 Tezel made a reply in another set of theses, which however were 

 immediately burnt by the students in the market-place of Wittem- 

 berg. Tezel seeuia to have acted contrary to the intention of his 

 superiors, and to have gone beyond his instructions, for Karl von 

 Miltitz, who was sent by the pope to settle the disputes which had 

 arisen out of his conduct, reprimanded him severely. In the year 

 1518 however Tezel, notwithstanding all this, obtained the degree of 

 Doctor of Divinity at Frankfurt on the Oder. After this event, he 

 returned to Leipzig to his convent, where he died, in August 1519, of 

 the plague, shortly after the celebrated theological disputation of Eck 

 and Karlstadt. He was buried in the church of his convent (the 

 present chapel of the university) ; but there is now no trace of his 

 grave, as that part of the church which contained his remains was 

 pulled down in the 17th century to make room for some fortifications. 

 Compare P. Melanchthonius, Ilistoria Vitce M. Lutheri, i. p. 153, &c. ; 

 Gieseler, Lehrbuch der neuern Kirchengcschichte, vol. iii. p. 20; 

 Lbscher, VolisUindige Reformations-Ada, ii. p. 324; and more espe- 

 cially Hechtius, Vita Tezelii. 



THAARUP, THOMAS, a Danish poet and dramatist, highly 

 esteemed by his countrymen as one of the classics in their literature, 

 was the son of an ironmonger at Copenhagen. He was born 21st 

 August 1749, the very same day as Edward Storm, another poet. 

 This coincidence would hardly deserve notice, if something of the 

 marvellous had not been founded upon it, it being said that Thaarup's 



mother dreamed that the wife of a clergyman at Guldbransdalen 

 was delivered just at the same time of a son, who would be the rival 

 of her own. If not great, both of them were popular and national 

 poets ; and though neither very numerous nor of very great extent, 

 their productions, especially their lyric pieces, earned for them a repu- 

 tation which does not always fall to the lot of writers of more ambition 

 and of higher pretension. This was more particularly the case with 

 regard to Thaarup, whose three little musical dramas, ' Hostgildet,' 

 ' Peters Bryllup,' and ' Hiemkomsten,' are esteemed chefs-d'oeuvre of 

 their kind, and the songs and airs were known by heart by every one, 

 and repeated over all Denmark. Their celebrity was not at all less 

 than that of tho ' Beggars' Opera ' in this country. Thaarup suc- 

 ceeded Storm as one of the directors of the theatre at Copenhagen, in 

 which situation ho remained till 1800. But though he survived Stortn 

 a full quarter of a century, Thaarup'a literary life did not extend much 

 beyond that of Storm. If he did not entirely lay aside his pen at tho 

 commencement of the present century, all the productions by which 

 he will be remembered had appeared in the preceding one. He con- 

 tinued to reside at Copenhagen, where he died in the summer of 1821. 

 Some of his hymns have been translated into German by Vosa. 



THA'BET, BEN KORRAH, an eminent physician, philosopher, 

 and geometrician, whose complete names, as given by Ibn Abi 

 'Ossaibiah ('Fontes Relationumde Classibus Medicorum,' cap. 10, 3), 

 were Abu '1-Hasan Thibet Ben Korrah. He was born at Harran in 

 Mesopotamia, A.H. 221 (A.D. 835-6), where he at first followed the 

 business of a money-changer ; ho afterwards however went to Baghdad 

 to pursue his studies, which he carried on with BO much zeal that he 

 became one of the most celebrated literary and scientific men of his 

 age. He belonged to the sect of the Sabians, but got entangled in 

 some religious disputes, and was expelled from their communion. In 

 consequence of this he left Harrin, where he had been residing for 

 some time, and went to Baghdad with the celebrated astronomer 

 Mohammed Ben Musa. There he lived in his house, and was intro- 

 duced by him to Mo'tadhed Billah, sixteenth of the 'Abbaside Khalifs 

 (A.H. 279-289, A.D. 892-902), who appointed him one of his astrologers, 

 and ever afterwards, on account of his acquirements and his pleasing 

 manners, continued on terms of great intimacy with him. He died on 

 the 26th of Safar, A.H. 288 (February 18, A.D. 901), aged sixty-seven 

 lunar, or sixty-five solar years. His sons Senau and Ibrahim, and 

 their descendants, practised physic with much reputation at Baghdad 

 for more than a century after his death. Thiibet himself appears to 

 have been a very learned man, and also a good practical physician, as 

 he tells a story of the way in which he restored to life a man that was 

 supposed to be dead. (Casiri, ' Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp. Escur.,' torn. i. 

 p. 389.) He was also a very voluminous author, as the bare titles 

 of his works, as given by the anonymous author of the ' Arabica 

 Philosophorum Bibliotheca,' take up about two folio pages hi Casiri's 

 Catalogue. They consist of mathematical, medical, and zoological 

 treatises, written in Arabic, besides translations into that language of 

 several of the works of Galen, Ptolemy, Autolycus, Euclid, &c. He 

 wrote also several in Syriac, on the religious rites and ceremonies of 

 the Sabians; but none either of these or his Arabic works have (as far 

 as the writer is aware) been published or translated, though several of 

 them still exist in manuscript in some of the European libraries. 

 (Wiistenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Aerzte ; Casiri, loco cit. ; Nicoll 

 and Pusey, Catal. MSS. Arab. Biblioth,. Bodl, pp. 257, 295 ; De Rossi, 

 Dizion. Stor. degli Autori Arabi.) 



THA'BET BEN SENA'N, the grandson of the preceding, whose 

 names are given by Ibn Abi 'Ossaibiah (' Fontes Relationum de Classi- 

 bus Medicorum,' cap. 10, 5) as Abu '1-Hasan Thibet Ben Seuin Ben 

 Thibet Ben Korrah. He was celebrated, like the other members of 

 his family, as a physician, philosopher, and mathematician, and was 

 superintendent of the hospital at Baghdad during the reign of Al- 

 Motteia, the twenty-third of the 'Abbaside kalifs, A.H. 334-363 (A.D. 

 946-974). He expounded the writings of Hippocrates and Galen ; but 

 his principal work appears to have been a History of his Own Times, 

 from the year A.H. 290 (A.D. 903) to the year of his own death, A.H. 363 

 (A.D. 973-74), which is highly praised by Abu '1-Faraj (' Hist. Compend. 

 Dynast,,' p. 208), and was continued after his death by his nephew 

 Heidi, and by other writers. Dr. Sprenger, in the notes to his transla- 

 tion of El-Mas'udi's ' Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems,' vol. i., p. 

 24, Svo, London, 1841, corrects an anachronism of Haji Khalfa, who 

 ascribes this work to his grandfather Thibet Ben Korrah. (Wiisten- 

 feld, Geschichte der ArabiscJten Aertze ; Asaemani, Biblioth. Orient., 

 vol. ii., p. 317.) 



*THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE, English novelist and 

 essayist, was born, in 1811, at Calcutta. His father, the son of the 

 Rev. Richard Thackeray, of Hadley, in Middlesex, was of an old 

 Yorkshire family, and held a situation in the East India Company's 

 civil service; his mother, who still (1857) lives, is, we believe, of 

 Welsh descent. Mr. Thackeray was educated at Cambridge about the 

 same time as the poet Tennyson, the late J. M. Kemble, and others 

 since distinguished hi various walks ; but he left the university without 

 taking a degree. He inherited a good fortune on coming of age ; and 

 his intention at first was to be an artist. In the course of his educa- 

 tion for this profession he visited Italy and other parts of tho Continent 

 in his youth ; and in Mr. Lewis's ' Life of Gb'the' is a very interesting 

 letter written by Mr. Thackeray to the author, in which he gives an 



