1009 



THEOPHANES NONNUS. 



THEOPIIILUS PROTOSPATHARIUS. 



1010 



liberty and the privileges of which they had been deprived for having 

 supported the king of Pontus. In B.C. 59 Theophanes was sent by the 

 senate of Rome as ambassador to Ptolemaeus Aulotes of Egypt, to 

 carry to him the decree of the senate, which guaranteed him the 

 sovereignty of the country. His conduct on this mission is blamed, 

 because he is said to have endeavoured to direct events according to 

 the secret wishes of Pompey. During the civil war Theophanes con- 

 tinued faithful to his friend, and supported him with his advice, and 

 it was on his well-meant suggestion that after the battle of Pharsalus 

 Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was murdered. After this event 

 Theophanes returned to Rome, where he appears to have spent the 

 last years of his life in retirement. After his death the Lesbians paid 

 divine honours to his memory for the benefits which he had conferred 

 upon them. His son, M. Pompeius Macer, held the office of praetor in 

 the time of Augustus, and was afterwards appointed governor of Asia ; 

 but in the reign of Tiberius he and his daughter put an end to their 

 own lives, iu order to avoid the punishment of exile to which they 

 had been condemned. 



Theophanes was the author of several works, both in prose and in 

 verse, but very little of them has come down to us. Plutarch's Life 

 of Pompey is chiefly based on the historical work of Theophanes, and 

 we may thus possess more of it than we are aware ; but besides this 

 we have four or five fragments of it in Strabo, Plutarch, and Stobseus. 

 The ' Anthologia Graeca' (xv., n. 14 and 35) contains two epigrams of 

 Theophanes, and Diogenes Laertius (ii. 104) mentions a work by 

 Theophanes on painting, but of its nature and contents nothing is 

 known, and it is probable that the writer was a different Theophanes 

 to the friend of Pompey. 



(Sevin, in the Memoires de I'. Academic des Inscriptions et Belles- 

 Lettres, vol. xiv., p. 143, &c.) 



THEO'PHANES NONNUS. [NONNUS.] 



THEO'PHILUS, a Constantinopolitan jurist, who lived in the reign 

 of the emperor Justinian (A.D. 527-565). He was a distinguished 

 teacher of jurisprudence at Constantinople (antecessor), and, at the 

 command of the emperor, he was employed among those who com- 

 piled the ' Digest; ' and afterwards he undertook, along with Dorotheus 

 and Tribonian, to compose the ' Institutes,' that is, the elementary 

 treatise on jurisprudence, which was part of Justinian's plan. This 

 Theophilus is generally supposed to be the author of the Greek para- 

 phrase of the ' Institutes,' though it is maintained that the paraphrase 

 is not the work of Theophilus himself, but was taken down from his 

 lectures by some pupils. It was discovered in the beginning of the 

 16th century by Viglius ab Aytta Zuichemius at Lou vain, who pub- 

 lished and dedicated it to the Emperor Charles V. (fol., Basel, 1534). 

 The work was frequently reprinted during the same century, but the 

 last and best edition is that of W. 0. Reitz, in 2 vols. 4to, Hagse, 1751. 

 It contains a Latin translation and the notes of previous editors, 

 together with those of Reitz ; and also a very interesting dissertation 

 on the obscure and much disputed history of Theophilus. Theophilus 

 also wrote a commentary on the first three parts of the 'Digest/ 

 which however is now lost, with the exception of a few fragments 

 which are incorporated in Reitz's edition of the ' Paraphrase of the 

 Institutes.' The value of the paraphrase of Theophilus in establishing 

 the text of the ' Institutes ' may be estimated by an examination of 

 the edition of the ' Institutes ' of Gaius and Justinian by Klenze and 

 Booking, Berlin, 1829. 



(Institutionum D. Justiniani Sacrat. Princip. Proosmium ; P. B. 

 Degen, SemerJcungen uber das Zeitaltur des Theophilus, 8vo, Lvineburg, 

 1808; Zimmern, Geschichte des Rom. Privatrechts.) 



THEO'PHILUS PROTOSPATHA'RIUS, the author of several 

 Greek medical works, which are still extant, and some of which go 

 under the name of ' Philotheus ' and ' Philaretus.' Everything con- 

 nected with his name, his titles, the events of his life, and the time 

 when he lived, is uncertain. He is generally styled ' Protospatharius,' 

 which seems to have been originally a military title given .to the 

 colonel of the body-guard of the emperor of Constantinople ('Spa- 

 tharii,' or ffit>tMTO(j>v\a.Kes). Afterwards however it became also a 

 civil dignity, or at any rate it was associated with the government 

 of provinces and the functions of a judge ; they possessed great autho- 

 rity, and were reckoned among the Magnifici. In some manuscripts 

 however he is called ' Philosophus ' (Lambec., 'Biblioth. Vindob.,' 

 lib. vii., p. 352, ed. Kollar.); in others, 'Monachus' (id., ibid., lib. vi., 

 p. 244, 494); 'Archiater' (Codd. MSS. Theoph. 'De Puls.' ap. Erme- 

 rins, ' Anecd. Med. Gr.') ; or ' latrosophista ' ('laTpocrotpiarrov irepl Otipuv, 

 ed. Fed. MorelL, 12mo, Paris, 1608.) 



Of his personal history we are told nothing. If, as is generally 

 done, we trust the titles of the manuscripts of his works, and so try 

 to learn the events of his life, we may conjecture that he lived in the 

 seventh century after Christ; that he was the tutor of Stephanus 

 Atheniensis (Lambec., Ibid., lib. vi., pp. 198, 223, 492 ; lib. vii., p. 

 352), who dedicated his work, ' De Chrysopceia,' to the emperor 

 Heraclius (Fabricius, 'Biblioth. Grseca/ vol. xiL, p. 695, ed. vet.); 

 that he arrived at high professional and political rank, and that at last 

 he embraced the monastic life. It must however be confessed that all 

 this is quite uncertain, for, in the first place, Freind, in his ' History 

 of Physic ' (' Opera,' pp. 448, 449, ed. Lond., 1733), after remarking 

 how little credit is sometimes due to the titles prefixed to manu- 

 scripts, doubts whether Theophilus was ever tutor to Stephanus, and 



BlOd. DIV. VOL. V. 



thinks, from tho barbarous words that he makes use of (such 



probably lived later. And, secondly, even if Theophilus was the 

 tutor of a person named Stephanus, still it seems probable that this 

 was not the alchemist of that name. [STEPHANOS ATHENIENSIS.] 

 His date is equally uncertain. Some persons (' Chronologia inconsulta,' 

 as Fabricius says, ' Biblioth. Grseca/ voL xil, p. 648, n., ed. vet.) think 

 he was the person mentioned by St. Luke ; others place him as early 

 as the second century after Christ, and others again as late as the 

 twelfth. He is generally supposed to have lived in the time of the 

 Emperor Heraclius, who reigned from A.D. 610 to A.D. 641 ; but this 

 opinion rests only on the conjecture of his having been the tutor of 

 Stephanus Atheniensis. The Oxford editor thinks, from the barbarous 

 words quoted above, that he may possibly be the same person who is 

 addressed by the title Protospatharius, by Photius (' Epist.,' 123, p. 

 164, ed. Montac., Lond., 1651), and who therefore must nave lived in 

 the 9th century. He was a Christian, and a man of great piety, as 

 appears from almost all his writings ; in his physiological works espe- 

 cially, he everywhere points out with admiration the wisdom, power, 

 and goodness of God as displayed in the human body. (See 'De Corp. 

 Hum. Fabr.,' pp. 1, 2, 25, 89, 127, 153, 185, 272; 'De Urin.,' Pnjef., 

 p. 262; c. 10, p. 273; c. 23, p. 283; 'De Excrem.,' c. 19, p. 408; 

 ' De Puls.,' in fine, p. 77.) He appears to have embraced in some 

 degree the Peripatetic philosophy. (' De Corp. Hum. Fabr./ pp. 2, 3, 

 4, 103, 105, 222, &c.; Mart. Rota, Pref. to Philothei ' Comment, in 

 Hippocr. Aphor.') 



Five of his works remain, of which the longest and most interesting 

 is an anatomical and physiological treatise, in five books, entitled 'Ilepi 

 TTJJ TOV 'Av0pd>wov KaTa<r/ceyT}s/ 'De Corporis Humani Fabrica.' It 

 contains very little original matter, as it is almost entirely abridged 

 from Galen's great work, ' De Usu Partium Corporis Human!,' from 

 whom however he now and then differs, and whom he sometimes 

 appears to have misunderstood. In the fifth book he has inserted 

 large extracts from Hippocrates, 'De Genitura/ and 'De Natura 

 Pueri.' He recommends in several places the dissection of animals, 

 but appears never to have examined a human body ; in one passage 

 he advises the student to dissect an ape, or else a bear, or, if neither 

 of these animals can be procured, to take whatever he can get, " but 

 by all means," adds he, " let him dissect something." The work was 

 first translated into Latin by J. P. Crassus, and published at Venice, 

 8vo, 1536, together with Hippocrates, 'De Purgantibus Medicamentis.' 

 This translation was frequently reprinted, and is inserted by H. 

 Stephens in his 'Jledicse Artis Principes/ Paris, fol. 1567. The 

 manuscript from which Crassus made his translation is probably lost; 

 but, though defective, it was more complete than that which was used 

 by Guil. Morell in editing the original text, which was published at 

 Paris, 8vo, 1555, in a very beautiful type, but without preface or notes. 

 This edition is now become scarce, and was reprinted, together with 

 Crassus's translation, by Fabricius, in the twelfth volume of his 

 'Biblioth. Graeca/ p. 783, sq., Hamb., 1724 and 1740. Two long 

 passages which were missing in the fourth and fifth books were copied 

 from a manuscript at Venice, and inserted by Andr. Mustoxydes and 

 Demetr. Schinas in their collection entitled ' 2uA\oy}j 'Airo<nra<rfi.(iTcav 

 'Aveic56Twv 'E\\r)viK<av (j.era 2r)nfidifff<in>,' Venet., 8vo, 1817. The last 

 and best edition of this work is that by Dr. Greenhill, which has lately 

 been printed at the Oxford University press, Gr. and Lat., 8vo, 1842. 



Another of the works of Theophilus is entitled ' "Tvt/junifui ek roi)y 

 'iTnroKpd-rovs 'Atpopifffj.ovs,' 'Commentarii in Hippocratis Aphorismos/ 

 which also seems to be taken in a great measure from Galen's Com- 

 mentary on the same work. It was first published in a Lathi transla- 

 tion by Ludov. Coradus, at Venice, 8vo, 1549, under the name of 

 'Philotheus.' The Greek text appeared for the first time in the 

 second volume of F. R. Diets' s 'Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum/ 

 Regim. Pruss., 8vo, 1834. 



His treatise ' Ilfpl Otipaiv,' ' De Urinis,' contains little or nothing that 

 is original, but is a good compendium of what was known by the 

 ancients on the subject, and was highly esteemed in the middle ages. 

 It first appeared in a Latin translation by Pontius (or Ponticus) Viru- 

 nius (or Virmius), in several early editions of the collection known by 

 the name of the 'Articella.' It was first published in a separate form 

 at Basel, 8vo, 1533, translated by Albanus Torinus, together with the 

 treatise ' De Pulsibus ; ' and this version was reprinted at Strasburg, 

 8vo, 1535, and inserted by H. Stephens in his ' Medicse Artis Prin- 

 cipes.' The Greek text was published without the name of Theophilus, 

 under the title ' latrosophistae de Urinis Liber Singularis/ &c.. at 

 Paris, 12mo, 1608, with a new Lathi translation by Fed. Morell, which 

 edition was inserted entire by Chartier in the eighth volume of his 

 edition of the works of Hippocrates and Galen. The best edition is 

 that by Thorn. Guidot, Lugd. Bat., 8vo, 1703, Gr. and Lat. ; and again 

 with a new title-page, 1731. The text is much improved by adopting 

 the readings of a manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford ; there 

 is a new Latin version by the editor, and also copious and learned 

 prolegomena and notes. The Greek text only, from Guidot's edition, 

 is inserted by J. L. Ideler in his ' Physici et Medici Graci Minores/ 

 Berol., 8vo, 1841. 



A short treatise, < TLepl Aiaxupw*"*' ' De Excrementis Aivinis/ 



3 T 



