I > 



TIEPOLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. 



TIGRANES. 



Reii",' Ac., 4 Toll. 8vo, with a, preface and notes by Bottiger, which, 

 besides being very superior to the general class of tour-books, affords 

 evidence of her being a zealous though candid Protestant, and a 

 woman of strict piety. On their return to Germany, Madame von 

 der Keoke made Berlin, and afterwards (1819) Dresden, her chief place 

 of residence, passing the summer months at Teplitz or Carlsbad. The 

 only change Tiedge henceforth experienced was that occasioned by the 

 loss of bis companion and benefactress, for she had taken care that 

 her death (1833) should cause no change whatever in his outward 

 circumstances, not even that of his residence; as she directed that her 

 establishment should be kept up for him precisely as before, and that 

 he should continue to enjoy the luxuries and comforts he had BO long 

 been accustomed to. Nor was her anxious solicitude for her friend's 

 welfare useless ; for so pro eminently was Tiedge favoured beyond the 

 ordinary lot, that he not only attained an unusual age, but remained 

 nearly free from all infirmities of cither body or mind. In hid eighty- 

 ninth year, says one who appears to have known him personally, he 

 did not seem to be much more than sixty : the only alteration in him 

 was, that for some years he could not take exercise on foot, or stir out 

 except in a carriage or a wheel-chair. Even but a week before his 

 death (March 8th 1841) he was at the birth-day fttte of one of his 

 friends. 



Soon after his death, bis ' Life and Literary Remains ' were given to 

 the world by Dr. K. Falkenstein, in 4 vols. ; and a complete edition 

 of his works has been published in 10 vols. 8vo. After his 'Urania,' 

 his moat original production is perhaps his ' Wanderungen durcli den 

 Markt des Lebens,' 1836, which, like the other, may be said to be 

 lyric-didactic, and similar in tendency, though of a less decidedly 

 religious character, the seriousness of its moral precepts being relieved 

 by the tone of playful irony which pervades many parts of the poem. 

 lii< principal other productions are his 'Poetical Epistles,' his 

 ' Elegies,' and his ' Frauenspiegel,' all of which have contributed to 

 his reputation. The esteem in which the poet of ' Urania ' is held is 

 proved by the fact that, in honour of his memory, a ' Tiedge Verein,' 

 or Tiedge Institution, was after his death established at Dresden, one 

 object of which is to give a literary prize every five years, and another 

 to make some provision in their declining years for meritorious writers 

 who may have fallen into adversity in consequence of age and 

 infirmities. 



TIK'POLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, a celebrated Italian painter 

 of the 18th century, was born of a good family at Venice in. 1693. 

 Tiepolo, eays Lanzi, was the last of the Venetians who acquired a 

 European fame; celebrated iu Italy, in Germany, and in Spain. He 

 studied as a boy under Gregorio Lazzarini, painted at first in his 

 manner, then imitated the style of Piazzetta, but attached himself 

 eventually to that of Paul Veronese. Already at the age of sixteen 

 he was known even out of Venice, and when still young he received 

 invitations from various Italian cities to decorate their churches and 

 their public buildings. His works in the north of Italy, both in oil 

 and in fresco, are numerous : one of his first works of note was the 

 Shipwreck of San Satire, in the church of St. Ambrose, at Milan : he 

 excelled chiefly iu fresco, and his colouring and the folds of his 

 draperies bear great resemblance to those of Paul Veronese. In Ger- 

 many also Tiepolo executed several works : at Wurzburg he painted 

 the staircase and the saloon of the bishop's palace and two altar-pieces. 

 He was afterwards invited by Charles III. to Spain, where, in Madrid, 

 he painted the ceiling of the saloon in the new palace of the king, and 

 the ball of the royal guard, by which he is said to have excited the 

 jealousy of Meugs : he executed also the chief altar-piece in oil for the 

 convent church of St. Paschal, at Aranjuez. He died in Madrid in 

 1769 or 1770. 



Tiepolo's style was slight and brilliant, yet his colouring was not 

 glaring : the effect of his paintings was not produced by a recourse to 

 bright colour*, but by a judicious contrast of tints : his drawing was 

 however feeble, though this weakness was nearly concealed by the 

 gracefulness of his attitudes. One of his best pictures in oil is the 

 Martyrdom of St. Agatha, in the church of St. Antonio, at Padua. 

 He etched several plates in a very free and spirited manner. He left 

 two sons, Giovanni Domenico and Lorenzo, who were both painters : 

 the elder etched some of his father's designs. 



TIGHE, MRS. MARY, was born in 1773, the daughter of the Rev. 

 William Blachford, by Theodoaia, the daughter of William Tighe of 

 Rosanna, in Wicklow county, Ireland. She married in 1793 her rela- 

 tive Henry Tighe of Woodstock, in the county of Wicklow. In 1805 

 sho printed for private circulation her poem of 'Psyche,' a work 

 founded on the story of Cupid and Psyche, aa told in the 'Golden 

 Asa' of Apuleius. The poem is remarkable for the beauty of its 

 descriptions, the tenderness and purity of its sentiments, the ingenious 

 manner in which the writer has completed the story, the poetical 

 imagery, and the musical flow of the versification, which is in the Spen- 

 serian stanza, managed *ith great skill. After six years of continued 

 ill-health she died on March 24, 1810, and in 1811 ' Psyche' was pub- 

 lished with a collection of miscellaneous poems, ruany of them written 

 during her illness, and breathing a deep religious feeling. All of them 

 show the same virtuous tendencies as are developed in her principal 

 work, but they do not on the whole display the same amount of 

 poetic power. 

 TIGRA'NES, king of Armenia, the ally of Mithridates the Great, 



who gave him his daughter Cleopatra in marriage. He was master of 

 the large tract between Egypt iu the south-west, and the Caspian Sea 

 in the north-east, which was bounded by Assyria and Media on the 

 east, and by the kingdoms of Pontus and Cappadocia on the west and 

 north-west. The earlier history of Tigranes is little known ; Strabo 

 (p. 532, Cas.) and Justin (xxviii. 3) state that ho was sent in his youth 

 as a hostage to the king of the Parthians, who afterwards restored 

 him to liberty. He conquered Gordyene and Mesopotamia, and tho 

 Syrians chose him for their king in B.C. 84, or, according to Appian 

 (' De Reb. Syr.,' 70), in B.C. 80. Before B.C. 74 he concluded au 

 alliance with Mithridates, who was then about to begin his third war 

 with the Romans. The conditions of this alliance were, that Mith- 

 ridates should be master of the countries which they hoped to 

 conquer, and that Tigranes should have the inhabitants and all the 

 moveable property that he could carry off. Plutarch states (' Lucullus,' 

 p. 509, Xyland.) that the army of Tigranes was composed of 2(30,000 

 men, 20,000 archers, 55,000 horse, 150,000 foot, and 35,000 pioneers 

 and train, and that Arabs and warlike Albani from the Caucasus 

 abounded in the Armenian camp. The campaign was opened in 

 B.C. 74. Cappadocia and Bithynia were conquered, and Mithridatea 

 laid siege to Cyzicus in Bithynia, but Lucullus came to relieve it, and 

 after various reverses Mithridates was compelled to fly to Tigranes 

 (B.C. 69). The conduct of the Armenian king had been insincere 

 during these events, and the Romans being now victorious, he not 

 only refused to receive his father-in-law, but set a prize of a hundred 

 talents on his head, on the pretext that the king had persuaded his 

 son, who was likewise called Tigranes, to rebel against his father and 

 to join the Romans. Mithridates nevertheless succeeded in pacifying 

 bis son-in-law, and they joined their armies to meet Lucullus, who had 

 crossed the Euphrates and the Tigris, and had laid siege to Tigrano- 

 certa, the new capital of the Armenian kingdom. A battle ensued 

 near this town, in which Tigranes was completely defeated (6th 

 October, B.C. 69), and his capital fell into the hands of the Romans. 

 Tigranes and Mithridates having entered into negociation with Phraates 

 III., king of the Parthians, for the purpose of drawing him into their 

 alliance, Lucullus, who had now carried his conquest in Armenia ai> 

 far as Artaxata on the upper part of the Araxes, marched to Mesopo- 

 tamia to attack the Parthians. But a mutiny of his soldiers compelled 

 him to retreat to Cappadocia, where they dispersed, as it seems, by 

 the instigation of Pompey, who aimed at the supreme command in 

 the war (B.C. 67). The Romans lost Cappadocia, and Tigranes carried 

 off a great number of the inhabitants of this province, as well as of 

 Cilicia and Galatia. Pompey entered Asia Minor in B.C. 66, and in the 

 same year he defeated Mithridates in a great battle on the Euphrates. 

 Mithridates, having experienced the faithless character of his son-in- 

 law, fled to Phanagoria in the island of Tamau, while Tigranes 

 humiliated himself before the Romans, then encamped in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Artaxata. He went to the tent of Pompey, and, kneeling 

 before his victorious enemy, took off his royal diadem, which Pompey 

 however would not accept. The policy of the Romans required au 

 independent kingdom between their dominions and the dangerous 

 power of the Parthians. Tigranes therefore was reinstated in Armenia, 

 except the districts of Gordyene and that of Sophene, or the western- 

 most part of Armenia Magna, which he was obliged to cede to his 

 rebellious son Tigranes, then an ally of the Romans. Besides these 

 districts, he ceded to the Romans his kingdom of Syria, including 

 Phoenicia and all his conquests in Cilicia, Galatia, and Cappadocia ; he 

 paid six thousand talents, and he gave half a mina to each Roman 

 soldier, ten minse to each centurion, and sixty minae, or one talent, to 

 each tribune. (Plutarch, ' Lucullus,' p. 637, Xyland. ; comp. Appian, 

 'De Bello Mithrid.,' c. 104.) It seems that after this humiliation 

 Tigranes led an obscure and tranquil life, for his name disappears from 

 history, and the year of his death is unknown. His successor was 

 Artavasdes. [MITHUIDATES ; POMPKIUS; LUCULLUS.] 



(Valerius Maximus, v. 1, 9 ; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 33, 1, and c. 

 37; Cicero, Pro Lege Manilla; Woltersdorf, Commentatio Yitam 

 Mithndatis M.per annos digestam sistens, Goettingse, 1812.) 



Coin of Tigrancs. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Silver. "Weight 245 J grains. 



TIGRA'NES, prince of Armenia and lord of Sophene, was the son 

 of Tigranea, king of Armenia. During the last war between the 

 Romans and Mithridates aided by his ally king Tigranes, prince 

 Tigranes forsook his father and went over to the Romans. When his 

 father humiliated himself before Pompey, he sat by the side of tho 

 Roman general, but he did not rise before his father, nor did he show 



