7! 



TIMOTEO DA URBINO. 



TIMOTHEUS. 



72 



(Bekker. ' Anecdota,' p. 344), Aristophanes (' Lysistr., 809, &c. ; 

 ' Aves,' 1548), Plato, and Antiphanea, ridiculed him in their comedies. 

 Antiphanes wrote a comedy called ' Timon,' which perhaps furuished 

 Lucian with the groundwork for his dialogue in which this misanthrope 

 acts the most prominent part. His name has remained proverbial to 

 designate a misanthrope down to the present day, and is immortalised 

 by the genius of Shakspere. 



TIMOTE'O DA URBI'NO, or DELLA VITE, a celebrated Italian 

 painter of the Roman school, was born at Urbino in 1470, or rather 

 1480. la about his 20th year, by the advice of a brother living in 

 Bologna, he repaired to that city to learn the business of a jeweller, 

 &c. ; but display ing a power of design worthy of a greater purpose, he 

 devoted himself to painting, and according to Malvasia attended the 

 school of Fraucia iu Bologna for about five years : Vasari however 

 saya that Timoteo was his own master. At the age of twenty-six he 

 returned to Urbino, where in a short time he so far distinguished 

 himself, Bays Vasari, as to recive an invitation from his cousin 

 KatFaelle iu Rome to repair thither and assist him in some of his 

 extensive works. This statement creates a difficulty not easy to be 

 cleared up : Vasari says that Timoteo died in 1524, aged fifty-four ; 

 yet we find him in his twenty-seventh or twenth-eighth year, conse- 

 quently iu 1497 or 1498, going to Rome to assist Raffaelle, who 

 however did not go to Rome himself until 1508 : 1524 was very pro- 

 bably therefore a misprint for 1534 in the original edition of Vasari, 

 and the error has found its way into all the later works. By this 

 supposition aud by allowing a year or two to have elapsed between 

 his return to Urbino and his visit to Rome, the various dates may be 

 easily reconciled, and what Vasari says about Timoteo's assisting 

 Raffaelle to paint the Sibyls in the Chiesa della Pace, which were 

 painted in 1511, becomes quite consistent. He did iiot remain long 

 in Rome, but returned to his native place at the solicitation of his 

 mother, much to the displeasure of Raffaelle. He remained however 

 long enough to learn to appreciate and to imitate the beauties of 

 Raffaelle's style, and to become one of the most distinguished painters 

 of the Roman school; yet there are in all hia works traces of the 

 style of Fraucia, a certain timidity 'of design, a delicacy of execution, 

 and a richness of colouring. His chief works are at Urbino, at Forll, 

 and in the neighbourhood ; he executed many of them in company 

 with Girolamo Genga, as a chapel at Forll and part of the paintings iu 

 the chapel of San Martino in the Cathedral of Urbino ; the altar-piece 

 was painted entirely by Timoteo : he executed also some excellent 

 works in fresco at Castel Durante. Further, in Urbino there are in 

 the Cathedral, a Magdalen ; in San Bernardino, outside the city, a 

 celebrated picture of the Annunciation of the Virgin ; and another 

 fine picture with several figures in Santa Agata ; also in the residence 

 of the Dukes of Urbino, an Apollo and two of the Muses, extremely 

 beautiful ; besides many other works. Vasari remarks that he left 

 some works unfinished at his death, which were afterwards completed 

 by others, and he adds that there could not be a more satisfactory 

 evidence of the general superiority of Timoteo. He was of a cheerful 

 disposition, and used to play every kind of instrument, but especially 

 the lyre, which he accompanied with his voice, with extraordinary 

 grace and feeling. Lanzi says that the Conception at the Observau- 

 tiues at Urbino, and a ' Noli me tangere ' in the church of Sant' 

 Angelo at Cagli, are perhaps the best of his works that remain. The 

 same writer observes that Pietro della Vite, the brother of Timoteo, 

 also a painter, was probably the priest of Urbino mentioned by Baldi- 

 uucci (vol. v.) as Raffaelle's cousin and heir. 



TIMO'THEUS (Tijudflfos) of Miletus, a Greek musician and lyric 

 poet. The time when his reputation had reached its height was 

 about the year B.C. 398. (Diodorus Sic., xiv. 46.) He was a contem- 

 porary of Euripides, and spent the last year of his life at the court of 

 Macedonia, where he died in B.C. 357, at the advanced age of 97. He 

 increased the number of the strings of the lyre to eleven, an innova- 

 tion which was considered by the Spartans, who would not go beyond 

 the number of seven strings, to be a corruption of music, and a decree 

 was passed at Sparta, which is still extant in Boethius, coudemnatory 

 of his innovation. (Plutarch, ' De Mus.,' p. 1141, ed. Frankf. ; Athe- 

 nseus, xiv. p. 636.) Suidas mentions a great number of poetical com- 

 positions of Timotheus, which were in their time very popular in 

 Greece ; among them are nineteen nomes, thirty-six procemia, eighteen 

 dithyrambs, and twenty-one hymns. All these works are now lost, 

 with the exception of a few fragments which are preserved in Athe- 

 rucus and the grammarians. 



(Vossius, De Poetis Gratis, p. 46 ; Bode, Qetchichte der Lyrisclien 

 Dichtkunst der HeUenen, vol. ii. p. 305, &c.) 



TIMOTHEUS (T>d0eos), an Athenian poet of the so-called middle 

 comedy. Suidas mentions the titles of several of his plays, and 

 Athenaeus (vi. p. 243) has preserved a fragment of one which bore the 

 title 'The Little Dog.' (Compare A. Meineke, JJistoria Critica Comi- 

 corum Qrcucorum, p. 428.) 



TIMO'THEUS, son of Couon of Athens. He inherited from his 

 father a considerable fortune, and if we may judge from his intimacy 

 with laocrates, Plato, and other men of talent, and from the manner 

 in which others speak of him, he received a most excellent education; 

 but no important particulars are known respecting his earlier life. 

 The first time that he comes prominently forward iu the history of 

 his country, was during the war between Thebes and Sparta. In the 



year B.C. 375, after the battle of Naxos, the Thebans, who were 

 threatened with an invasion by the Lacedaemonians, requested the 

 Athenians to avert this danger by sending a fleet round Peloponnesus, 

 as they had done at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. The 

 request was readily complied with, and Timotheus was appointed 

 commander of a fleet of sixty ships, with which he was to sail round 

 Peloponnesus and along the western coast of Greece. In this expe- 

 dition ho first took Corcyra, which he treated with the utmost mild- 

 ness and without making any use of his right as conqueror. The con- 

 sequence was, that he had very easy work with Cephalouia and Acar- 

 nania, and that even Alcetas, king of the Molossians, was induced to 

 join the Athenian alliance. But while Timotheus was thus reviving 

 the power of Athens in that part of Greece, the Lacedaemonians sent 

 out a fleet against him, under the command of Nicolochus. A battle 

 was fought near the bay of Alyzia, in which the Spartans were 

 defeated. Soon after Nicolochus offered another battle, but as the 

 fleet of Timotheus had suffered too much to allow him to accept it, 

 Nicolochus raised a trophy. But Timotheus soon restored his fleet, 

 which was increased by reinforcements of the allies to seventy ships, 

 against which Nicolochus could not venture anything. The original 

 object of the expedition however was now accomplished, as the 

 Spartans had not been able to make their projected invasion of Bceotia, 

 and Thebes was thus enabled to direct her forces against the Bceotian 

 towns which asserted their independence. Timotheus at the head of 

 his large fleet had no means of maintaining it, for Thebes herself had 

 contributed nothing towards it, and Athens, which was not iu a very 

 prosperous condition, had been obliged to bear all the expenses of the 

 fleet, with the exception of what Timotheus himself had furnished 

 from his private purse. Athens therefore concluded a separate peace 

 with Sparta, and sent orders to Timotheus to return home. On his 

 way thither he landed at Zacynthus a body of exiles who probably 

 belonged to the democratical party of the place, and who had sought 

 his protection. He provided them with the means of opposing and 

 annoying their enemies, the oligarchical party of Zacyntuus, which 

 was in alliance with Sparta. The oligarchs sent envoys to Sparta 

 to complain, and Sparta sent envoys to Athens to remonstrate 

 against the conduct of her admiral. But no satisfaction was given, as 

 the Athenians would not sacriacetheZacynthiau exiles for the purpose 

 of maintaining the peace. The Spartans therefore looked upon the 

 peace as broken, and prepared for new hostilities. 



Soon after these occurrences Corcyra was hard pressed by the 

 Pelopounesian fleet, and implored the Athenians for protection. Timo- 

 theus, who, on his former expedition, had given such great proofs of 

 skill and talent, was again entrusted with the command of sixty ships. 

 But Athens, which was itself in great financial difficulties, had not the 

 meaus to equip them, and Timotheus in the spring of B.C. 373 sailed 

 to the coasts and islands of the ^Egeau to request the Athenian 

 allies to provide him with the means of assisting the Corcyrseaus. He 

 appears to have received some support from Bceotia (Dernosth. ' in 

 Timoth.,' p. 1188), and in Macedonia he formed friendly relations with 

 King Amyntas. His proceedings however went on very slowly, and 

 apparently without much success, for he was of too gentle a disposi- 

 tion to force the allies to furnish what they could not give conveniently. 

 At last however he had sailed as far as the island of Calaurea, where 

 his men began to murmur because they were not paid. The state of 

 affairs in Corcyra had grown worse every day. His enemies at Athens 

 seized upon the slowness of his progress as a favourable opportuuity 

 for aiming a blow at him. Iphicrates and Callistratus came forward 

 to accuse him, whereupon he was recalled, and the command of his 

 fleet given to his accusers and Chabrias. His trial was deferred till 

 late in the autumn ; but he was acquitted, not indeed on account of 

 his innocence, though it was well attested, but on account of the inter- 

 ference of Alcetas, the Molossian, and Jason of Pherse, who had come 

 to Athens to protect him. 



In B.C. 361, after the removal of his rival Iphicrates, Timotheus 

 received the command of the fleet on the coast of Macedonia. He 

 took Potidsea and Torone from Olynthus, aud these conquests were 

 followed by the reduction of all the Chalcidian towns. From thence 

 he proceeded to the Hellespont, where, with the assistance of Ario- 

 barzanes, he again gained possession of several towns. In the year 

 following he commenced his operations against Ainphipolis, in which 

 however he had no success at all, probably on account of the iuter- 

 ference of the Macedonians, who supported the town, and Timotheus 

 was nearly compelled to take to flight. 



In the year B.C. 357 Timotheus aud Iphicrates, who had for some 

 time been reconciled to each other through the marriage between a 

 daughter of the former and a son of the latter, obtained the command 

 of a fleet of 60 sail against the rebellious allies of Athens, especially 

 against Samos. But the Athenian arms were unsuccessful, and a 

 treaty was concluded between the belligerents, which put an cud to 

 the Social War. The Athenian generals however, Timotheus, Iphi- 

 crates, and Menestheus, were charged with having caused the ill-luck 

 of the Athenians, and brought to trial. Timotheus in particular was 

 accused of having received bribes from the Chians and Rhodians. 

 His colleagues, who were themselves iu the greatest danger, were so 

 convinced of his innocence, that they declared they were willing to 

 take all the responsibility upon themselves. But he was nevertheless 

 condemned to pay a fine of 100 talents. As he was unable to pay the 



