TITTMANN, JOHANN AUGUST. 



TITUS, FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS. 



M 



Hob quit Japan till 1784. After bis return to Batavia he was appointed 

 governor of the Dutch factory in the vicinity of Chandernagore : how 

 long he filled this office is uncertain. 



In 1794 Titsingh was appointed by the government at Batavia chief 

 of the embassy which Van Braam, hoping to be himself appointed 

 ambassador, had persuaded them to send to the court of Pekin. The 

 mission left Canton on the 22nd of November 1794, and reached that 

 city on its return on the llth of May 1795. The ill-health of Titsingh 

 during the greater part of his residence at Pekin caused the discharge 

 of the functions of ambassador to devolve in great measure on Van 

 Braam. Not long after the termination of this mission Titsingh 

 returned to Holland, after a residence of about thirty-one years in 

 the East. The involuntary prolongation of his residence in Japan had 

 enabled him to obtain a greater amount of information relative to 

 those islands than his predecessors, and the friendships he had con- 

 tracted with several of the nobles enabled him to procure, at a later 

 date, by their good offices, material additions to the collections he had 

 made himself. He was acknowledged both by the Japanese and 

 Chinese to possess a knowledge of their customs and manners rare in 

 a European. He was esteemed by his colleagues for his business 

 talents ; and the literati of Europe who had applied to him for infor- 

 mation had ever found him as courteous and liberal as he was intel- 

 ligent : consequently great additions to our knowledge of Japan were 

 anticipated on his return to Europe. These expectations were how- 

 ever in a great measure disappointed. With the exception of infor- 

 mation which he supplied to Marsden, De Guignes and others, nothing 

 appeared during his life ; and after his death, by a fever which he 

 neglected, in February 1812, his collections were dispersed; only a 

 portion of his manuscripts, maps, and curiosities were ultimately 

 recovered. M. Nepven, who had become the purchaser of the frag- 

 ments, published in 1819, in two vols. 8vo, ' Ce're'monies usite'es au 

 Japon pour les Mariages et les Fune"railles, suivies de Details sur la 

 Poudre Doxia, et de la Preface d'un livre de Confoutze"e sur la Pie'te' 

 Filiale, traduit du Japonais par feu M. Titsingh.' In the introduction 

 to the Memoirs the author states that many of the most distinguished 

 Japanese are fully aware of the advantage their country would derive 

 from an extended intercourse with foreigners. In 1820 M. Abel 

 Rdmusat published in 8vo, from the manuscripts of Titsingh, Me"moires 

 et Anecdotes de la Dynastie regnante des Djogouns, souverains du 

 Japou, avec la Description des Fetes et Ce're'monies observees aux 

 differentes dpoques de 1'annee a la cour de ces Princes, et xm Appendice 

 contenant des Details sur la Poesie des Japonais, leur Maniere de 

 diviser TAnn^e, &c.' An English translation of these two works, by 

 Frederic Shoberl, was published in 1822. The volumes edited by M. 

 Re'rnusat, and the English translation, contain a catalogue of the books, 

 printed and in manuscript, the maps, plans, coins, &c., collected by 

 Titsingh. Among the manuscripts are his journal of travels from 

 Canton to Pekin ; copies of letters addressed by him to various 

 persons during the years 1790 to 1797.; forty-six autograph letters 

 addressed to him by Japanese functionaries and Roman Catholic mis- 

 sionaries ; thirty-five autograph letters addressed to him by Volney, 

 De Guignes, senior, and other eminent literary characters; and an 

 exposition of the official conduct of M. Titsingh. The twenty-fourth 

 volume of the ' Annales des Voyages ' contains an account of the island 

 of Yesso, translated from the Japanese by Titsingh, and a ' Notice sur 

 Japon,' in Charpentier Cossigny's 'Journey to Bengal,' contains a 

 rather inaccurate report of the substance of conversations with him 

 respecting that country. The important work the ' Japanese Ency- 

 clopaedia,' in the ' Bibliotheque du Roi,' at Paris, was obtained from 

 Titsingh. 



TITTMANN, JOHANN AUGUST HEINRICH, one of the most 

 distinguished German theologians of modern times, was born on the 

 1st of August 1773, at Langensalza, whei'e his father, Carl Christian 

 Tittrnann, was then preacher. Young Tittmann was originally of a 

 very weakly constitution, but he gained strength as he grew older, 

 especially from the time that^he lived at Wittenberg, where his father 

 was appointed prsepositus and professor in the year 1775. His extra- 

 ordinary talents enabled him to enter upon the study of theology and 

 philosophy at Wittenberg as early as 1788, after he had the year 

 before published a Latin essay, ' De Virgilio Hoinerum imitaute,' 

 Wittenberg 1787. On completing his studies there, he went to 

 Leipzig in 1792, where he began his career as academical teacher on 

 the 15th of May 1793. His talents and the extensive knowledge he 

 possessed at this early age would have made him the first theologian 

 of his time, if he had not been frequently drawn away from his regular 

 studies, and occupied with different subjects. Nevertheless he dis- 

 tinguished himself so much, that in 1795 he was appointed morning 

 preacher (Fruhprediger) to the university, and the year after professor 

 extraordinary of philosophy, and in 1800 professor of theology. In 

 1805 he was made a doctor of divinity, and obtained the fourth ordinary 

 professorship of theology, and in 1818 he became first professor of 

 theology in the university of Leipzig. During the last year of his life 

 he was dean of the cathedral of Meissen. He died, in consequence of 

 a cold he took in 1828, and of which he never recovered, on the 31st 

 of December 1831. 



As an academical teacher Tittmann distinguished himself by his 

 acuteuess, sound judgment, and by the simplicity and clearness with 

 which he treated his subject. It was perhaps owing to the variety of 



BIOG. DIV. VOL. VI. 



subjects on which he had tried his strength, that in his later years he 

 was competent to undertake the most varied business in which he was 

 employed by his government. At the congress of Vienna, which he 

 attended for some time, he spoke with great frankness, and particularly 

 exerted himself to realise his favourite plan of uniting the German 

 Protestants, and giving to their body a new ecclesiastical constitution. 

 But his object was not attained. During the last years of his life he 

 was a member of the first chamber of the Saxon deputies, in which 

 he represented the university of Leipzig, and often exercised great 

 influence by his ability and his powers as a speaker. 



The numerous writings of Tittmann are distinguished by great 

 clearness of style, those written in German, as well as those in Latin. 

 The following are the most important for the theological student : 

 ' Encyclopadie der Theologischen Wissenschaften,' Leipzig, 8vo, 1798 ; 

 'Theocles, ein Gesprach iiber den Glauben an Gott,' Leipzig, 8vo, 

 1799; ' Ideen zu einer Apologie des Glaubens,' Leipzig, 8vo, 1799; 

 ' Theon, oder iiber unsere Hoffnungen nach dem Tode,' Leipzig, 

 1801; 'Lehrbuch der Homiletik,' Breslau, 8vo, 1804; ' Pragmatische 

 Geschichte der Theologie und Religion in der Protestantischen Kirche 

 wiihrend der zweiten Halfte deslSten Jahrhunderts ' (of this excellent 

 work only the first volume appeared, Breslau, 8vo, 1805) ; ' Ueber 

 Supranaturalismus, Rationalismus, und Atheisuius,' 8vo, Leipzig, 1816 ; 

 ' Ueber Vereinigung der Evangelischen Kirchen,' Leipzig, 1818; 'Die 

 Evangelische Kirche im Jahre 1530 und 1830,' Leipzig, 8vo, 1830. 

 Tittmann also edited the Greek text of the New Testament, Leipzig, 

 12mo, 1824, which has often been reprinted, and Zonaras and Photius's 

 Greek Lexicon, Leipzig, 4to, 1808 ; but of this work only two volumes 

 appeared, which contain the Lexicon of Zonaras. He also wrote' a great 

 number of Latin dissertations in programmes and on other occasions, 

 which were edited after his death by Hahn, under the title, ' Opuscula 

 varii Argumenti, maximam partem dogmatic!, apologetic!, et historic!,' 

 Leipzig, 8vo, 1833. Another Latin work, 'De Synonymis in Novo 

 Testamento,' was edited by Becher, Leipzig, 8vo, 1832. 



TITUS, FLA'VIUS VESPASIA'NUS, the son of the Emperor 

 Vespasiauus, was born on the 29th of December, A.D. 40. He received 

 his education together with young Britannicus, who was poisoned by 

 Nero in A.D. 55, and as Titus fell dangerously ill after the death of his 

 unfortunate friend, it was said and believed that he had drunk a part 

 of that deadly potion by which Britannicus perished. Titus after- 

 wards erected two statues to the memory of the companion of his 

 youth. Possessed of uncommon beauty and vigour, and extraordinary 

 talents, Titus distinguished himself at an early age. The first cam- 

 paigns which he made as tribunus militum were in Britannia and 

 Germany. He first married Aricidia Tertulla, the daughter of a 

 Roman knight, and after her death, Marcia Furnilla, who was of a 

 noble family, but from whom he was divorced some time after she had 

 borne him a daughter. Titus became afterwards quaestor. The Jews, 

 having been oppressed by Gessius Florus, revolted in A.D. 66, and 

 defeated Cestius Gallus, the proconsul of Syria, but they were beaten 

 by M. Licinius Mucianus, the new proconsul of Syria, and T. Ves- 

 pasianus, the father of Titus, who was the commander of the Roman 

 army, which consisted of three legions. One of these legions was 

 commanded by Titus, who showed as much military skill as personal 

 courage, especially in the siege and capture of the towns of Taricheae 

 and Gamala (A.D. 67). During his sojourn in Palestine he fell in love 

 with Berenice, the daughter of Herod Agrippa. [BERENICE (6).] 



In the mean time the Emperor Nero was murdered, and Galba suc- 

 ceeded (A.D. 69). In consequence of this event, T. Vespasianus sent 

 his son Titus to Rome, in order to gain the favour of the new emperor. 

 Perhaps also Vespasianus wished to be informed of Galba's intention 

 with regard to the war in Palestine, the command of the forces 

 employed there being an office by which Vespasianus had acquired 

 great influence in the East. (Tacitus, ' Hist.,' ii. 1, and the notes to 

 this passage in the edition of Gronovius, ii., p. 127.) The people said 

 that Titus had some hope of being adopted by Galba, who was old and 

 without issue; but although this motive of his going to Rome is 

 rejected by Tacitus, the mere existence of such a rumour proves that 

 Titus had already attracted the public attention. When Titus arrived 

 at Corinth he was informed that Galba had been murdered (15th of 

 January, 69), and that the imperial power was disputed by Vitellius 

 and Otho. This event perplexed him. His commission being to con- 

 gratulate Galba, he could not expect, to be well received by Vitellius, 

 by whose instigation Galba had been massacred; nor did he deem it 

 prudent to adhere to either of the imperial rivals before he had taken 

 the advice of his father. He therefore returned to Judsea. There 

 was a rumour that his love for Berenice was the secret cause of his 

 return ; but however strong his passion was, it never prevented him 

 from doing his duty. On his way from Greece to Syria he landed on 

 Cyprus, and there consulted the oracle in the temple of Venus of 

 Paphos. The answer was favourable with regard to his voyage, and 

 highly flattering to his ambition : Sostratus, the priest of the temple 

 and the reporter of the oracle, promised him the empire. (Tacitus, 

 ' Hist.,' ii. 2-4 ; Suetonius, ' Titus,' c. 6.) 



Titus was one of the leaders of the new revolution by which 

 Vitellius lost his power a short time after his victory over his com- 

 petitor Otho at Brixellum. Full of filial admiration for the character 

 of his father, Titus endeavoured to remove the only obstacle to his 

 succession, which might have frustrated their plans, notwithstanding 



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