103 



TOD, JAMES. 



TODD, REV. HENRY JOHN. 



101 



was one of the ministers under the presidency of Louis-Napoleon. 

 His conduct iu relation to the French expedition to Rome was the 

 theme of much reprobation on the part of the Italian patriots. Since 

 the coup-d'etat, which made Louis-Napoleon emperor, he has been one 

 of that band of French constitutionalists and men of letters, who, 

 "divested of all authority, yet still not unattended by reverence, have 

 been permitted by the power which has triumphed over them to 

 record their implied protest against its supremacy, and to found on 

 their cherished remembrances aspirations for better days." Before the 

 revolution of 1848 M. de Tocqueville had given to the world his second 

 important historical work, entitled ' Histoire philosophique du Regne 

 de Louis XV.,' 2 vols., 1847; this was followed in 1850 by a sequel 

 entitled ' Coup-d'coil sur le Regne de Louis XVI.depuisson ave"nement 

 j\ la Couronne jusqu'a la sdance royale du 23 Juin 1789;' and since 

 then M. de Tocqueville has published ' L'Ancien Regime et la Re"vo- 

 lution,' 1856. His views of the state of society in France prior to the 

 great revolution arc the result of laborious and minute investigations 

 into a great variety of materials, and are, in some respects, novel and 

 peculiar. These views are now accessible to the English reader in 

 Mr. Henry Reeve's translation, entitled ' On the State of Society in 

 France before the Revolution of 1789, and on the causes which led to 

 that event." M. de Tocqueville is still devoting his powers of histo- 

 rical research and speculation to this great topic. He is a member of 

 the French Academy. 



TOD, JAMES, Lieutenant-Colonel in the service of the East India 

 Company, was born in England in 1782, but educated in Scotland. 

 He went out to India in 1800, and obtained a commission in the 

 2nd Bengal European regiment ; thence he volunteered for the Mo- 

 luccas, was transferred to the marines, served as a marine on board 

 the Mornington, and in 1805, when in the subsidiary force at Gwalior, 

 in Hindustan, was attached, under his friend Mr. Graeme Mercer, to the 

 embassy sent at the close of the Mahratta war to the camp of Sindia in 

 Mewar, where the embassy arrived in the spring of 1806. Rajpootana, 

 of which Me war -is one of the states, thenceforward became the scene 

 of his official labours, as well as of the geographical, historical," and 

 antiquarian investigations by which he distinguished himself. He 

 began to make surveys of Rajpootana soon after his arrival in the 

 country, and the result of those surveys was the magnificent map 

 which is given at the commencement of his ' Annals of Rajast'han.' 

 The map was completed in 1815, and was presented to the Marquis of 

 Hastings, then governor-general of India, and it was of great use in 

 forming the plan of operations in 1817, the previous maps of the 

 country having been very imperfect and erroneous. In 1817 he was 

 appointed political agent, with the entire control of five of the states 

 which had just then placed themselves under British protection 

 Mewar, Marwar, Jessulmeer, Kotah, and Boondee. The results of 

 his investigations into the geography, history, and antiquities of 

 Rajpootana are given in his ' Annals of Rajast'han.' 



In 1822 the impaired state of his health rendered it necessary that 

 he should return to the more congenial climate of his native country. 

 Previously however to his departure from India he made a circuit of 

 nearly the whole of Rajpootana, including Qujerat, which he com- 

 pleted at the close of 1822, and in the beginning of 1823 he sailed from 

 Bombay, and arrived safely in England. 



After his return to England his time was chiefly devoted to literary 

 pursuits. He officiated for awhile as librarian to the Royal Asiatic 

 Society. In 1834 he went to the Continent for the relief of a complaint 

 in the chest, and remained abroad twelve mouths. He returned to 

 England in September 1835. While at Rome he was occupied with a 

 work to be entitled 'Travels in Western India,' the result of the 

 journey which he made previous to his return to England, and espe- 

 cially his observations in Gujerat. The last chapters of the work were 

 written in October 1835, while residing with his mother in Hampshire, 

 and the manuscript was left nearly fit for publication. On the 16th of 

 November, while transacting business with his bankers in London, he 

 had an attack of apoplexy, and lay without consciousness for twenty- 

 seven hours. He died November 17, 1835, at the age of fifty-three. 

 He left a widow, the daughter of Dr. Clutterbuck, and a young family. 



Bishop Heber, who travelled through Mewar and the adjoining 

 Rajpoot states in 1825, on his way to Gujerat, bears testimony to the 

 affection and respect borne to Colonel Tod by the upper and middling 

 classes of society in various towns through which the bishop passed. 

 He says " Here and in our subsequent stages we were continually 

 asked by the cutwals, &c. after ' Tod Sahib ' (Captain Tod), whether 

 his health was better since he returned to England, and whether there 

 was any chance of seeing him again. On being told it was not likely, 

 they all expressed much regret, saying that the country had never 

 known quiet till he came among them, and that everybody, whether 

 rich or poor, except thieves and Pindarees, loved him. He, in fact, 

 Dr. Smith told me, loved the people of this country, and understood 

 their language and manners in a very unusual degree." Bheelwara, a 

 commercial town which had contained 12,000 families, had been 

 entirely ruined by the depredations of the Mahrattas at the time when 

 Colonel Tod was appointed political agent. He set himself to restore 

 it, and in less than a year there were 700 prosperous and peaceful 

 families iu it. Colonel Tod, in a letter to a friend, says "Regarding 

 Bhilwarra, the work of my hands, in February 1818 there was not a 

 dog in it; in 1822 I left 3000 houses, of which 1200 were bankers and 



merchants. An entire street, arcaded, was built under my directions 

 and with my means. The merchants from Calcutta, Jesaulme'r, Delhi, 

 Surat, from every mart in India, had their correspondents, and in fact 

 it was becoming the chief mart of Rajast'han. The affection of these 

 people a thousand times repaid my cares." Bishop Heber, after 

 describing the prosperous state in which he found the town in 1825, 

 saya, " The place had been entirely ruined by Jumsheed Khan, and 

 deserted by all its inhabitants, when Captain Tod persuaded the Rana 

 to adopt measures for encouraging the owners of laud to return, and 

 foreign merchants to settle. He himself drew up a code of regulations 

 for them, and obtained them an immunity from taxes for a certain 

 number of years, and sent them patterns of different articles of English 

 manufacture for their imitation. He also gave money liberally to the 

 beautifying of their town. In short, as one of the merchants who 

 called on me said, ' It ought to be called Todgunge, but there is no 

 need, for we shall never forget him.' " 



The 'Annals of Rajast'han' were published in London in 2 vols. 

 royal 4to, vol. i. in 1829, and voL ii. in 1832. The 'Travels in Western ' 

 India, embracing a Visit to the Sacred Mounts of the Jains and the 

 most celebrated Shrines of Hindu faith between Rajpootana and the 

 Indus, with an Account of the ancient city of Nehrwalla,' was pub- 

 lished in 1839 in a handsome 4to volume. 



TODD, REV. HENRY JOHN, was born in 1763, and educated at 

 Hertford College, Oxford, where he proceeded M.A. in 1786. He 

 became a minor canon of Canterbury Cathedral soon after being 

 ordained. In 1792 he was presented by the Dean and Chapter of 

 Canterbury to the vicarage of Milton, near that city ; and some years 

 after, by the same body, to the rectory of Allhallows, Lombard-street, 

 London, on which he fixed his residence in the metropolis. In 

 November 1803, he was appointed, by the archbishop, Keeper of the 

 Manuscripts ab Lambeth. In 1820 he was withdrawn from London, 

 by being presented by the Earl of Bridgewater to the rectory of 

 Settrington, in Yorkshire, of the value of 1045Z. ; in 1830 he was 

 collated by the Archbishop of York to the prebend of Husthwaite, 

 in that cathedral church ; and, finally, in 1832 he was appointed 

 Archdeacon of Cleveland. 



His first publication was ' Some Account of the Deans of Canter- 

 bury, from the new foundation of the Church by Henry VIII.,' 8vo, 

 1793. This was followed by an edition of Milton's ' Masque of 

 Comus,' with notes and illustrations, from a manuscript belonging to 

 the Duke of Bridgewater, 1798 ; 'The Poetical Works of John Milton,' 

 with notes and a life, 6 vols. Svo, 1801, for which he received 2001. 

 from the booksellers, and of which there was a second edition in 1809, 

 a third in 1826, and a fourth in 1843, and the portion of which con- 

 sisting of the Life and the Verbal Index has also been published 

 separately ; ' A Catalogue of the Library of Christchurch, Canterbury,' 

 8vo, 1802 ; ' The Works of Edmund Spenser,' with notes and a Life, 

 8 vols. 8vo, 1805, reprinted in 1845; 'Illustrations of the Lives and 

 Writings of John Gower and Geoffrey Chaucer,' 8vo, 1810; 'A Cata- 

 logue of the Archiepiscopal Manuscripts in the Library at Lambeth 

 Palace,' fol., 1812 (100 copies privately printed) ; a new edition of 

 ' Dr. Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language, with corrections 

 and additions,' 4 vols. 4to, 1814, &c., and again in 3 vols. 4 to, 1827; 

 ' The History of the College of Bonhommes, at Ashridge,' folio, 1823 

 (privately printed for the Earl of Bridgewater) ; ' Original Sin, Free 

 Will, Regeneration, Faith, Good Works, and Universal Redemption, as 

 maintained in certain Declarations of our Reformers,' &c., 8vo, 1818; 

 ' A Vindication of our Authorised Translation and Translators of the 

 Bible ' (in reference to Bellamy's new translation), 8vo, 1819 ; 'Obser- 

 vations on the Metrical Version of the Psalms, by Sternhold, Hopkins, 

 and others,' 8vo, 1819; 'Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the 

 Right Rev. Brian Walton, Bishop of Chester,' 2 vols. Svo, 1821 ; 'An 

 Account of Greek Manuscripts of the late Professor Carlyle, now at 

 Lambeth,' Svo, 1823 (privately printed); a new edition of 'Arch- 

 bishop Cranmer's Defence of the Doctrine of the Sacrament,' Svo, 

 1825, with a Vindication of Cranmer, reprinted in 12mo in 1826 ; ' A 

 Letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, concerning the Authorship 

 of Icon Basilike/ Svo, 1825 (assigning the work to Bishop Gauden) ; 

 ' A Reply to Dr. Lingard's Vindication of his History of England, as 

 far as respects Archbishop Cranmer,' Svo, 1827 ; ' Bishop Gauden the 

 Author of Icon Basilike further shown, in answer to Dr. Wordsworth,' 

 Svo, 1829; 'Life of Archbishop Craumer,' 2 vols. Svo, 1831 (an en- 

 largement of the ' Vindication '); 'Authentic Account of our Autho- 

 rised Version of the Bible,' 12mo, Malton, 1834. We have omitted a 

 few theological pieces of inferior importance. He was also, in the 

 early part of his literary career, a frequent contributor to the ' Gentle- 

 man's Magazine;' and he is stated, in Hasted's History of Kent, to 

 have assisted largely iu the preparation of that work. 



Archdeacon Todd, who was a Chaplain in Ordinary to her Majesty, 

 died at Settrington, on the 24th of December 1S45. From his will, 

 an abstract of which is given in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' for June 

 1846, he appears to have left several daughters. 



Archdeacon Todd, though the editor of Milton and Spenser, had no 

 pretensions to either poetical talent or poetical taste ; nor was even 

 his acquaintance with our old poetry, or with our old literature in 

 general, very extensive or intimate. His annotations, accordingly, are 

 rather dry. At the same time, if they do not overflow with much 

 variety of knowledge, and rarely display any remarkable ingenuity, 



