105 



TODD, ROBERT BENTLEY. 



TOLAND, JOHN. 



103 



they do not annoy the reader by any kind of superfluous disquisition. 

 He is certainly not a very animated narrator ; but his facts may gene- 

 rally be depended upon. Hia most useful services, perhaps, have been 

 rendered in the field of bibliography. 



*TODD, ROBERT BENTLEY, M.D., F.R.S., an eminent physician 

 and physiologist, was born and educated in Ireland. On the opening 

 of King's College, London, he was appointed Professor of Physiology. 

 He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Dublin, and a grad- 

 uate in medicine of the University of Oxford. On settling in London 

 he became a licentiate and afterwards a fellow of the Royal College 

 of Physicians. On the opening of King's College Hospital he was 

 appointed physician to that institution, a post which he holds at the 

 present day. In 183G, in conjunction with Dr. Grant, he became 

 editor of the ' Cyloptcdia of Anatomy and Physiology,' au extensive 

 work which is only just completed. Latterly Dr. Todd was the sole 

 editor, and he has himself contributed several articles, more espe- 

 cially those on the Heart, Brain, and Nervous System. He has besides 

 published many works, which have given him a wide reputation as a 

 practical physician. One of his earliest works was ' On Gout, Rheu- 

 matic Fever, and Chronic Rheumatism of the Joints.' His clinical 

 lectures on various subjects have been published in the ' Medical 

 Gazette ' and 'Medical Times.' Two volumes of these lectures on 

 diseases of the nervous system and urinary organs, were published 

 in 1857. In conjunction with Mr. Bowman, who was for many years 

 joint professor of physiology with him in King's College, he published 

 the ' Physiological Anatomy and Physiology of Man.' He has also 

 published a work on the ' Anatomy of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and 

 Ganglions.' In addition to these works he has published many separate 

 papers in the ' Medico-Chirurgical Transactions,' and in the medical 

 journals. He has now resigned his professorship at King's College, and 

 is enjoying the fruit of his numerous labours in an extensive practice. 



* TODLEBEN, FRANCIS EDWARD, Russian General of Engineers, 

 was born May 25, 1818, at Mitau, in the Russian province of Courland. 

 He studied at Riga, aud was afterwards admitted into the College of 

 Engineers at St. Petersburg. When the Russian army entered the 

 Danubian Principalities in 1853 he was 2nd captain in the corps of 

 engineers, and he served under General Schilders in the campaign on 

 the Danube. In August 1854 the Russian armies crossed the Pruth 

 on their retreat from the Principalities, and on the 14th of September 

 the French and English troops were landed in the Crimea. Having 

 gained the victory of the Alma, the allies made a flank march round 

 the head of the harbour of Sehastopol, and occupied the heights on 

 the south side of the city. An elevated ridge with commanding 

 eminences and deep ravines covered the city and docks ; and the position 

 was thus eminently defensible, but little had then been done to improve 

 it by art, for an attack on that side was quite unexpected. Prince 

 Menschikoff, by sinking some of his great ships at the mouth of the 

 harbour, having effectually prevented the allied fleet from entering, 

 the allied armies were at the same time prevented from taking advan- 

 tage of the undefended state of the city, and carrying it by a sudden 

 attack ; for they would then have been exposed to the batteries of the 

 ships in the harbour, far more powerful than any artillery which they 

 then possessed, and would have risked the loss of their own position 

 on the southern plateau. A siege was therefore resolved upon; but 

 no sooner did the allies begin to cut their trenches and prepare for a 

 bombardment, than earth-works and massive ramparts armed with 

 formidable batteries began to rise up in opposition with incredible 

 rapidity. The genius of Todleben seems to have been early discovered, 

 and the fortifications were placed under his direction. When the city 

 was ultimately taken, the defences, interior as well as exterior, were 

 found to be far above as well as different from the works of ordinary 

 engineering. The extent, completeness, and strength of the Flagstaff, 

 the Malakhoff, the Redan, and other batteries smaller but connected, 

 which had so long protracted the siege and rendered the capture so 

 difficult, filled the spectators with astonishment and admiration. 

 Todleben was advanced rapidly in the grades of his profession, till at 

 the termination of the war he had attained the rank of General of 

 Engineers, and was decorated with the clasps of the order of St. 

 George. At the latter part of the siege he was wounded in the leg, 

 but all his great works of defence had then been completed. 



TOGRAI, or TOGHRAI, the surname of Abu Ismail Hosein Ben 

 'All Ben Mohammed Mowayyed ed-Din al-Issfahani, and the name by 

 which he is commonly known. He was descended from Abu'l-Aswad 

 ad-Doioli, one of the most celebrated of the companions of Mohammed, 

 and was born at Ispahan in the 5th century of the Hejra, or the 

 llth of the Christian era, and gained great reputation as a poet. He 

 was at first in the service of the celebrated Melek Shah (A.H. 465-485 ; 

 A.D. 1073-92) and his son Mohammed, the third and fifth sultans of 

 Persia of the Seljukian dynasty ; and he afterwards became vizir to 

 Mas'oud, the son of Mohammed, and sultan of Mosul. When this 

 prince revolted from his brother Mahmud, the seventh Seljukiau Sultan 

 of Persia, and was conquered in the battle at Esterabad near Hama- 

 dan, A.H. 514 (A.D. 1120), Tograi was taken prisoner, and was at first 

 kindly treated by the conqueror. This however excited the jealousy 

 of his vizir, Abu Talib 'Ali Ben Ahmed as-Semiremi, who caused 

 Tograi to be secretly put to death, A.H. 515 (A.D. 1121), under the 

 pretence of his being a heretic who believed the doctrines of the Mola- 

 heds or Ismaelites, but in reality from fear of his talents. This is 



the account of his death given by Abulfeda (' Annal. Moslem.,' vol. iii., 

 p. 417) and Ibn Khallekan (< Vit. Illustr. Viror.,' 196, ed. Wiistenf.); 

 that given by Leo Africanus (' De Vir. Illustr. Arab.,' cap. 13) is some- 

 what different. He was rather more than sixty lunar, or fifty-eight 

 solar, years old at the time of his death. He appears to have enjoyed 

 a great reputation, and was distinguished by several titles or surnames. 

 The word ' Tograi ' is the name given to the person employed by the 

 sultan to write on all the imperial decrees and proclamations his name 

 and titles in a peculiarly large and flourishing character, which ia 

 called, from a Persian work, the ' togra ; ' and from Tograi's skill in 

 writing this, or perhaps from his celebrity as an author, he derived 

 the title of ' Fakhr al Cottab,' or the Glory of Writers. His surname 

 ' Al-monshi ' signifies a person employed to draw up the letters written 

 in the name of the prince ; and that of ' Alostad ' means the master or 

 doctor. 



The most celebrated of his poems, and the only one which has 

 been published, is that entitled ' Lamiato 'l-'Ajam,' which he composed 

 in Arabic at Baghdad, A.H. 505 (A.D. 1111-12). It derives its name 

 ' Lamiat ' from the circumstance that all the verses end with the letter 

 lam, or I ; and ' al-' Ajam,' that is, ' of the Persians,' is added to dis- 

 tinguish it from a celebrated Arabic poem written by Shanfara, and 

 entitled ' Lamiato l-'Arab.' It is a poem of the elegiac kind, written 

 in a plaintive style, and composed of distichs ; and has been frequently 

 published and translated. The first edition is that by the elder 

 Pococke, 8vo, Oxford, 1661, with a Latin translation, and copious 

 elementary note?. At the end of the volume is a treatise on Arabic 

 prosody by Samuel Clerk, the University printer.- There is an edition 

 by Matthias Anchersen, with an unedited Latin translation by Golius, 

 published in 1707, Utrecht, which is now exceedingly scarce, as almost 

 all the copies were lost at sea. Tograi's poem was also published ia 

 Arabic, together with that by Shanfara, by H. A. Frahn, 8vo, Casan, 

 1814. It was translated into English by Leon Chappilow, 4to, Cam- 

 bridge, 1758; into French by Pierre Vattier, 8vo, Paris, 1600 ; into 

 German by Reiske, Friedrichstadt, 4to, (Dresden), 1756. A fuller 

 account of the editions and translations of this poem may be found in 

 Schnurrer's 'Bibliotheca Arabica,' and Zenker's 'Bibliotheca Orien- 

 talis,' 8vo, Leipzig, 1840. Tograi also wrote a work on alchemy, 

 entitled ' Directio in Usum Filiorum,' which title has been the occasion 

 of D'Herbelot's making a great mistake as to the contents of the book. 



(Schnurrer, Biblioth. Arab. ; De Sacy's article on Tograi in the 

 Biograph. Univers. ; Wustenfelcl, Gesckichte der Arabischen Aerzte und 

 Naturforscher, Gottingen, 1840, 151, p. 87.) 



TOLAND, JOHN, was born on the 30th of November 1669 or 

 1670 (it is not certain which), in the most northern part of the county 

 of Londonderry, in the peninsula called Inis-Eogan, whence in one of 

 his works, published with a Latin title, he called himself ' Eoganesius.' 

 Though it is not known who his parents were, it is known that they 

 were Roman Catholics. He tells us of himself, '' Being educated from 

 my cradle in the grossest superstition and idolatry, God was pleased 

 to make my own reason, and such as made use of theirs, the happy 

 instruments of my conversion." (' Christianity not Mysterious,' Pre- 

 face, p. viii.) And again, alluding, in his ' Apology ' (p. 16), to a 

 charge made against him that he was a Jesuit, he says that " he was 

 not sixteen years old, when he became as zealous against Popery as he 

 has ever since continued. . . . Yet in Ireland that malicious report 

 gained upon some few, because his relations were Papists, and that he 

 happened to be so brought up himself in his childhood." He was sent 

 first to a school at Redcastle near Londonderry, where, we are told, 

 that, having been christened Janus Junius, he was laughed out of this 

 name by the boys, and took the name of John, which he ever after 

 kept. He went in 1687 to the University of Glasgow, and after being 

 there three years, to the University of Edinburgh, where he got a 

 diploma as Master of Arts, in June 1690. Shortly after this he went 

 into England, where managing to gain the favour of some influential 

 dissenters, he was sent by them to the University of Leyden to study, 

 and prepare himself for the duties of a minister. 



He stayed at Leyden about two years, and made the friendship of 

 Le Clerc, Leibnitz, and other learned men, with whom he afterwards 

 corresponded. On his return to England he went for some time to 

 Oxford, where he employed himself chiefly in collecting materials on 

 various subjects in the Bodleian library. The vanity of his character, 

 and the ostentatious avowal of free-thinking on religion, appear to 

 have made him conspicuous at Oxford, as they did everywhere else 

 through the whole of his life. But in a reply to a letter of advice 

 which he received here, he denied his being either an atheist or a deist. 

 (' Collections of Several Pieces of Mr. John Toland, &c.,' vol. ii. p. 302.) 



At Oxford he began his ' Christianity not Mysterious,' which was 

 published in London in 1696, the year after his leaving Oxford. The 

 remainder of the title, viz., ' A Treatise showing that there is nothing 

 in the Gospel contrary to reason nor above it, and that no Christian 

 doctrine can be called a Mystery,' more fully explained the object of 

 the publication. The work created a very considerable sensation, and 

 elicited much attack and some persecution. 



In 1697 Toland returned to his native country. Mr. Molyneux 

 wrote to Locke, April 6th, 1697, from Dublin : "In my last to you, 

 there was a passage relating to the author of ' Christianity not Myste- 

 rious." I did not then think that he was so near me as within the 

 bounds of this city but I find since that he is come over hither, and 



