Ill 



TOLETANUS, RODERICUS. 



TOLLENS, HENDRIK CORNELISZOON. 



112 



hated Toledo for their own reasons, joined the citizens in the! 

 resistance. The people turned out some of their municipal magis 

 trates whom they suspected of being for the viceroy, and electee 

 others without the viceroy's sanction ; and Toledo having resentec 

 this proceeding, the people took up arms, and attacked the Spanish 

 soldiers who garrisoned the castles. The Spaniards fired with cannon 

 into the city, and the people cut down all Spaniards whom they founc 

 straggling. The viceroy, having seized some of the head rioters 

 caused them to be .summarily executed, which added fuel to the 

 flame, and the citizens and nobles formed themselves into a union or 

 patriotic convention, taking for their motto, " For the service of God 

 the emperor, and the city of Naples ; " stigmatising as traitors to 

 their country those who did not join the union. The A union sent as 

 envoys to Charles V. the prince Sanseverino and another nobleman 

 refusing meantime obedience to the viceroy, who remained in the 

 castle with his Spanish soldiers and a few Neapolitan adherents, and 

 the town was without any regular government. Frequent skirmishes 

 took place in the streets between the viceroy's men and the people ; 

 many individuals were killed, and houses were plundered. At lasl 

 the answer came from Charles V., commanding the citizens to lay 

 down their arms, with secret instructions to the viceroy to proceed 

 leniently and prudently in the matter. 



On the 12th of August Toledo signified to the deputies of the city 

 the will of the emperor that the Inquisition should not be established 

 in Naples ; thab the past should be forgotten, except as to some of the 

 principal leaders of the insurrection, who were obliged to emigrate; 

 and that the city should pay one hundred thousand crowns as a fine. 

 And thus this serious affair was hushed up, but the Neapolitans 

 gained their point, and the tribunal of the Inquisition was never 

 established at Naples, though persons accused of heresy were tried by 

 the common ecclesiastical court, and several of them were put to 

 death by the concurrence of the lay power. The prince Sanseverino, 

 who had displeased Charles V., thought it prudent to emigrate to 

 France, and was outlawed. [TASSO, BEKNARDO.] 



In July, 1552, a large Turkish fleet, under Dragut Ra'is and Sinan 

 Pasha, anchored near Procida, at the entrance of the Bay of Naples, 

 when the emigrant prince Sanseverino of Salerno was to have joined 

 them with a French squadron ; but the viceroy, it is said, by means 

 of a large bribe, induced the Turkish commanders to leave the coast 

 before the arrival of the French. 



Toward the end of the same year the viceroy, although old and 

 infirm, was desired by Charles V. to march to Siena in Tuscany, 

 which republic had thrown off the protection of the emperor and 

 admitted a French garrison. Don Pedro having sent most of the 

 troops by land, embarked with the rest for Leghorn. On arriving 

 there he fell seriously ill, and was removed to Florence. The duke 

 Cosmo de Medici had married his daughter Eleonora. He expired at 

 Florence, in February, 1553, after having administered the kingdom of 

 Naples for more than twenty years. He is by far the most dis- 

 tinguished in the long list of the Spanish governors of Naples, and 

 one of the few who are still remembered with feelings of respect by 

 the Neapolitans. 



(Giannone, Storia Civile del Regno di Napoli ; Botta, Storia d' Italia.) 

 TOLETA'NUS, RODERl'CUS, or RODRI'GO DE TOLEDO, an 

 eminent ecclesiastic and historian, was born at Rada, in Navarre, 

 about 1170. His name was Rodrigo Simonis, commonly Ximenez; 

 but he is better known as Rodericus Toletanus. On his return 

 from Paris, where his parents sent him to complete his education, 

 he attached himself to Sancho V., king of Navarre, by whom he 

 was employed to negotiate a peace with Alfonso VIII. of Castile. 

 The manner in which he discharged this mission procured him the 

 favour of Alfonso, by whom, in 1192, he was appointed bishop of 

 Siguenza, and on the death of Don Martin, archbishop of Toledo, he 

 was raised to the vacant see. He showed great zeal in the frequent 

 wars with the Moors, and at the battle of Las Navas, where the 

 Almohades, under Mohammed An-ndsir, were defeated by Alfonso, his 

 pennon was the first that entered the dense ranks of the enemy. 

 Indeed such were his courage and martial disposition, that even when 

 the king was at peace with the Moors, he would, at the head of his 

 own vassals, make frequent inroads into the Mohammedan territory. 

 He enjoyed so much favour with the kings of his time, especially 

 with Sau Fernando, that nothing was undertaken without consulting 

 him. Hia zeal for learning was no less ardent than his hatred of the 

 infidel. He persuaded Alfonso to found the university of Palencia, 

 and thereby avoid the necessity of sending youths to be educated in 

 foreign countries. At the fourth Lateran council he is said not only 

 to have harangued the fathers in elegant Latin, but to have gained 

 over the secular nobles and ambassadors by conversing with each of 

 them in his mother tongue. He died in France, in 1247, after attend- 

 ing the council of Lyon, convoked by Innocent IV. His body was 

 carried to Castile, and interred in the Cistercian monastery of Huerta. 

 To him the history of his native country is more indebted than to 

 any other man. He wrote several historical works, most of which are 

 still inedited. His ' Rerum in Hispania Gestarum Chronicon,' which 

 contains a history of the Peninsula from the most remote period to his 

 own time, is an invaluable production. It was printed for the first 

 time at Granada, in 1545, together with the chronicle of Autouius 

 Nebrissenbis, and was subsequently published in the collection entitled 



' Hispania Illustrata,' by Andreas Schott, 4 vols. fol., Frankfurt, 

 1603-8. His ' Historia Arabum,' or history of the western Arabs from 

 the birth of the Mohammedan prophet to the invasion of Spain by 

 the Almoravides, shows him to have been well versed in the language 

 and history of the Arabs. This valuable work was firt published, in 

 1603, in the second volume of Andreas Schott, ' Hispania Illustrata,' 

 and subsequently, in 1625, by Erpennius, as an appendix to his ' His- 

 toria Sarracenica ' of Georgius Elmacin. There is a third edition. He 

 also wrote a history of the Ostro-Goths, another of the Huns, Vandals, 

 Suevi, Alans, and Silingi, which were first published by Robert Bell 

 in the collection entitled ' Rerum Hispanicarum Scriptores aliquot,' 

 3 vols. fol., Frankfurt, 1579, and subsequently by Schott ; a history 

 of the Old and New Testament, entitled ' Breviarium Ecclesiac Catho- 

 licso,' still inedited, and other works, the list of which may be seen in 

 Nicolas Antonio. 



(Mariana, Hist. Gen. de Espana, lib. ii., cap. 22; Zurita, Annales de 

 Aragon, lib. ii., cap. 67 ; Nicolas Antonio, Bibl. Hist. Vetus, ii. 50.) 



TOLLENS, HENDRIK CORNELISZOON, long the most popular 

 living poet of Holland, was born at Rotterdam on the 24th of Sep- 

 tember 1780. His father carried on a thriving business, founded by 

 his grandfather, as a dealer in colours, and Hendrik was taken from 

 school at the age of fourteen to assist behind the counter. The year 

 after was that of the French entry into Holland, when many of the 

 Dutch were disposed to look on them as deliverers, and young Tollens 

 became the secretary of a " Vaderlandsche Bijeenkomst," or Patriotic 

 Society, to whose purposes he soon contributed some songs, which 

 had a run of success. His father, who had at first been pleased at his 

 son's reputation, soon grew alarmed that poetry would lead him away 

 from business, though that alarm might surely have been spared in 

 Holland. When Tollens, at the age of seventeen, made the acquaint- 

 ance of two poets,' one of them, Helmers [HELMERS], was a merchant, 

 the other, Loots, a book-keeper in a counting-house, and Uylenbroek, 

 a third, to whom they introduced him, a respectable bookseller. 

 Tollens had learned some French at school, by Uylenbroek's advice he 

 now studied English and German, and thus enlarged his ideas ; but he 

 followed Uylenbroek's example in occupying himself with rendering 

 French tragedies into Dutch verse. He afterwards ventured on 

 original dramas, and his ' Lucretia,' written in 1805, had, at all events, 

 sufficient spirit to be prohibited by the government. Another tragedy, 

 ' De Hoekschen en Kabeljaauwschen ' (The Hooks and the Codfish), 

 had at least the merit of a national subjact, being founded on the 

 quarrels of the rival factions of these names, the Guelphs and Ghibel- 

 ines of Dutch mediaeval history, whose hostilities, which lasted a 

 century aud a half, are said to have arisen in 1350 from a jocose dis- 

 pute between some nobles at a banquet as to whether the codfish 

 could be said to take the hook, or the hook the codfish. Tolleus's 

 powers however did not lie in tragedy. In two contests with his 

 friend Loots on subjects offered for prizes, one on the theme Hugo 

 Grotius, and the other the death of Egmont and Hoorn, he won the 

 second prize on the first occasion, and the first on the second ; and in 

 1807 a short poem by him ' To a Fallen Girl,' attracted attention by 

 its simple pathos. From that time his subjects were almost univer- 

 sally taken from national history and from domestic scenes, and 

 though even his admirers did not place him on a level in point of 

 genius with Bilde'rdijk, he became decidedly the most popular poet 

 of his country, and had the honour of forming a school of poets " the 

 school of Rotterdam." In 1817 the third edition of his poems had 

 10,000 subscribers; not long afterwards his fellow-townsmen pro- 

 posed to erect his bust in a public place, and it was only the reluct- 

 ance of Tollens himself which prevented the intention from being 

 carried out when the subscription was already full. This popularity 

 increased as he grew more advanced in life. On his seventieth birth- 

 day, the 24th of September 1850, the minister of justice Mr. Neder- 

 rneijer van Rosenthal waited on him at his house at Rijswijk to bring 

 him the congratulations of the King of Holland, and present to him 

 the insignia of commander of the order of the Dutch Lion, a very 

 unusual honour for a literary man. A committee waited on him the 

 same day to offer him a gold medal struck in his honour, with the 

 inscription " Nederland zijnen geliefdeu Volksdichter ' (Netherland to 

 its beloved national poet), and to inform him that a subscription had 

 been organised, without his knowledge, for the formation of a ' Tollens 

 Fund,' to commemorate his name by a charitable institution, the 

 nature of which was to be left to his own choice. He died in 185(3, 

 surrounded by universal respect. 



The shorter poems of Tollens, lyrical and narrative, are his chief 

 ;itle to remembrance. One narrative poem, 'De Overwintering der 

 Hollanders op Nova Zembla ' (The Wintering of the Hollanders at 

 Nova Zembla), commemorative of the celebrated voyage of Barends in 

 1596-97, is very popular and has often been reprinted, on one occa- 

 sion in an illustrated edition. His ' Vierdaagsche Zteslag,' or Four 

 Days' Sea-Fight, commemorative of one of the desperate contests 

 jetween the Dutch and English in the reign of Charles II., may be 

 compared for spirit to his friend Loots's ' Overwinning bij' Chattaru ' 

 Victory at Chatham), a favourite subject of .allusion with the Dutch 

 Doets. Tollens is a fertile author of ballads on subjects of Dutch his- 

 ;ory, among which his ' Jan Van Schaffelaar,' ' Keuau Hasselaar,' &c., 

 re conspicuous. His ' Wapenkreet ' (Call to Arms), written on occasion 

 of Napoleon's return from Elba, is one of his best productions. 



