115 



TOMMASEO, NICCOLO. 



TONSTALL, CUTHBERT. 



116 



St. Paul's, which were vacated by the promotion of Dr. Thurlow to 

 the see of Durham, the first bishopric which became vacant after Mr. 

 Pitt was minister. In 1813 he refused the see of London, and con- 

 tinued bishop of Lincoln 32 J years, in which time he performed the 

 visitation of that most extensive diocese in the kingdom eleven times, 

 at the regular interval of three years, which was never done by any of 

 his predecessor?. In July 1820 he was translated to the sec of Win- 

 chester, in which he continued till September 1827, the time of his 

 death. His publications, besides single sermons, are ' The Elements 

 of Christian Theology," in 2 vols , now a standard work; 'A Refutation 

 of Calvinism,' in 1 vol. ; and ' Memoirs of Mr. Pitt,' in 3 vols. 8vo. 

 Bishop Pretyman in 1803 assumed the name of Tomline, Marmaduke 

 Tomline, Esq., having, without any relationship or connection, left him 

 the valuable estate of Riby Grove in Lincolnshire. 



TOMMASEO, NICCOLO, was born at Sebenico, in Dalmatia, but 

 was educated in Italy. He became early an author, and for several 

 years resided at Florence, where he was one of the most able con- 

 tributors to the ' Antologia.' In 1833, in consequence of having taken 

 an active part in the revolutionary movements, he was forced to quit 

 Italy, and resided for several years in France, chiefly in Paris, but also 

 in several provincial towns, and in Corsica. In 1838, under an 

 amnesty granted by the Austrian government, he returned to Italy, 

 where he lived chiefly at Venice, occasionally visiting Lis birthplace. 

 Towards the end of 1847, when another movement was commenced 

 for the freedom of Italy, Tommaseo, in conjunction with Manin, pre- 

 sented a petition to the Emperor of Austria for a milder exercise of the 

 censorship of the press. For this act he and Manin were committed to 

 prison on the 18th of January 1848, but were liberated on the 17th of 

 March, when the inhabitants of Venice rose against the Austrian govern- 

 ment. A few days subsequently he was elected a member of the provi- 

 sional government, but resigned in June on account of a difference of 

 opinion respecting the proposed union of Lombardy with Piedmont. 

 In August however he rejoined the government, as minister of religious 

 affairs aud education, in order to resist the hostilities of the Austrians. 

 To obtain assistance he visited Paris twice, but returned in January 

 1849 with the conviction that no help was to be looked for in that 

 quarter. The comparative moderation of Tommaseo lost him much 

 of his influence during the investment of Venice ; but when the city 

 was forced to capitulate he was one of those who were obliged to quit 

 Italy, and he has since resided at Corfu. Notwithstanding the keen 

 interest he has taken in the political affairs of Italy, his life has been 

 one of great literary activity ; and since his youthful ardour has 

 become moderated in expression, his opinions and statements have 

 become more philosophical and more truly patriotic, uniting a frank 

 liberalism with devout Roman Catholicism. The learning lie has dis- 

 played, and the variety of subjects of which he has treated, are 

 remarkable. Of his numerous productions, perhaps the most notice- 

 able are 'Nuovo dizionario dei sinonimi,' 1832, a work remarkable 

 for its learning, acuteness, and critical accuracy ; ' Delia educazione,' 

 1834; 'Nuovi scritti,' in 4 vols., 1839-40, the contents of which are 

 philosophical and aesthetic ; ' Studj critici,' 2 vols., 1843 ; and his 

 Commentary on Dante contains many happy explanatory references to 

 the Scriptures and the writings of the early fathers of the Church. 

 He has also written ' II Duca d'Atene,' 1836, a romantic history, por- 

 traying in very dazzling colours that Grecian sovereignty ; a history 

 of France during the 16th century, from materials furnished by the 

 despatches of the Venetian ambassadors, published at Paris in 1838 ; 

 and ' Lettere di Pasquale de' Paoli,' with an excellent introductory 

 account of the war for independence in Corsica. In 1839 he published 

 in 4 vols. a collection of popular poetry, which includes specimens of 

 Tuscan, Corsican, Dalmatian, and Grecian productions, with historical 

 introductions. Most of his works have gone through several editions. 

 He has also written some original poetry, which is clever and natural, 

 but of no great excellence. 



TOMMA'SI, GIUSEPPE MARI'A, was born of a noble family at 

 Alicata in Sicily, in 1649, and entered the congregation of the Teatini 

 at Palermo in 1664. He was sent to finish his studies at Rome, where 

 he became acquainted with Cardinal Francesco Barberiui, who, per- 

 ceiving in him a particular disposition for the study of ecclesiastical 

 history and antiquities, encouraged him in this pursuit, and obtainei 

 for him access to the archives of the Vatican and other repositories of 

 church history. In 1680 Tommasi published the collection ' Codices 

 Sacramentorum nongentis Annis Vetustiores,' which he illustrated 

 with introductory notices. In 1683 he published an edition of the 

 ' Psalterium,' and in 1686 a collection of ' Antiphouaries ' and 

 'Responsoriules' of the Roman Church, illustrated with learned com- 

 ments and valuable documents. He afterwards edited the ancient 

 mass-books, a Latin version of the Greek ritual for Good-Friday, a new 

 edition of the ' Psalterium,' a collection of minor works of the fathers 

 in three volumes, to serve as an introduction to theological studies, 

 and another book also to assist the students of divinity, entitled 

 ' Indiculus Institutionum Theologicarum.' Tommasi and his contem- 

 porary Cardinal Bona of Mondovi, author of Rerum Liturgicarum 

 Libri duo,' and 'De Divina Psalmodia,' are among the principal illus 

 trators and expounders of the liturgy and ceremonies of the Church 

 of Rome. In 1712 Tommasi was made a cardinal, a dignity which 

 he at first declined, until the pope expressly commanded him to accep 

 it. He died in the beginning of the following year. 



TONSTALL, or TUNSTALL, CUTHBERT, was bom at Hatch- 

 brd, in Yorkshire, in 1474 or 1475. It has been commonly stated 

 .hat he was a natural son of a gentleman of ancient family, who, 

 according to one account, was Sir Richard Tonstall. His mother is 

 said to have been a lady of the Conyere family. It has been doubted 

 lowever whether there be any foundation for this story. About 1491 

 10 was sent to the University of Oxford, where, according to some 

 uthorities, he was entered a student of Balliol College ; but the plague 

 soon drove him to Cambridge, where he is known to have eventually 

 jccomo a Fellow of King's Hall (now incorporated with Trinity 

 College). After this he went abroad and studied at Padua, and 

 laving taken the degree of Doctor of Laws, returned to Euglniid with 

 ;he highest reputation for classical, legal, and scientific, as well as 

 iheological learning. His first patron was Warham, archbishop of 

 "'anterbury, who, in 1511, made him his vicar-general, collated him to 

 ;he rectory of Harrow-on-the-Hill, and also introduced him at court, 

 [n 1514 he was promoted to a prebend in the cathedral of Lincoln ; in 

 1515 he was admitted archdeacon of Chester; and in May 1516, he 

 was appointed master of the rolls, an office at this date often held by 

 clergymen. 



Towards the close of this same year he was sent to Brussels s.3 chief 

 commissioner to Charles, the young king of Spain and the Low 

 ountries (afterwards the Emperor CLarlea V.), with whom he con- 

 luded two treaties of alliance and commerce ; and here he made the 

 acquaintance of Erasmus, who describes him, in one of his letters, as 

 not only the most eminent Greek and Latin scholar among his country- 

 men, but also a person of the most comprehensive judgment and the 

 nicest taste, and withal of remarkable modesty and the most agreeable 

 and cheerful manners, yet without going beyond the bounds of a 

 aecoming gravity. Erasmus adds that, much to his delight, he 

 Doarded at the same table with Tonstall. In 1517, within ten days 

 after his return home, he was sent on a second embassy to Charles. 

 In 1519 he was collated to a prebend in the cathedral of York ; and in 

 1521 to another in that of Salisbury, of which diocese he was also at 

 the same time elected dean. The next year he was promoted to the 

 bishopric of London : his consecration took place on the 9th of Octo- 

 ber, his enthronization on the 22nd. He now resigned his office as 

 master of the rolls; but in May 1523, he was introduced into the 

 overnment by being made lord privy seal. After this he was em- 

 ployed in various diplomatic missions : having been sent to Spain on 

 embassy to the emperor in 1525 ; having accompanied Cardinal 

 Wolsey in his embassy to France in 1527 ; and having along with Sir 

 Thomas More represented the English king at the negociation of the 

 treaty of Cam bray in 1529. At Antwerp, on his return from Cambray, 

 Toustall, as the story is related by the old chronicler Hall, purchased 

 from an English merchant named Packington all the copies that 

 remained unsold of Tyiidal's translation of the New Testament, and 

 bringing them home with him, made a bonfire of them in Cheapside 

 the effect of which was to enable Tyndal to publish next year a 

 second and more correct edition with the bishop's money. 



In 1530 Tonstall was translated to the bishopric of Durham; and 

 now, or soon after this, he appears to have resigned the privy seal. 

 In the religious changes that now began to be enforced by the royal 

 authority, his mild aud compliant temper carried him nearly as far as 

 Henry himself went; he supported the divorce of Queen Catherine 

 (although it has been supposed that he latterly somewhat changed his 

 opinion on that question) ; he preached and wrote in favour of the 

 king's assumption of ecclesiastical supremacy ; and, along with Heath, 

 bishop of Rochester, he revised the English translation of the Bible 

 which was published by authority in 1541. But, from habit, con- 

 scientious belief, or love of quiet, he appears to have retained to the 

 last an attachment to most of the doctrinal theology of the ancient 

 church. Yet, like the generality of the other bishops, he acquiesced 

 in the additional innovations of all kinds that were made in religion 

 on the accession of Edward VI., in 1547 ; and accordingly he not only 

 preserved his seat in the privy council, but was also made a member 

 of the king's council in the north. In May 1551, however, he was 

 accused belbre the council of being privy to the design of an insur- 

 rection in the north ; upon which he was in the first instance com- 

 manded to keep his house ; and afterwards, on a letter in his hand- 

 writing, deemed to be confirmatory of the charge, being found among 

 the papers of the Duke of Somerset, which were seized in December of 

 that year, he was committed to the Tower, and a bill was brought into 

 the House of Lords to deprive him of his bishopric. But, although 

 the bill was passed by that House, all the influence of the new head of 

 the government, tho Duke of Northumberland, proved insufficient to 

 satisfy the objections of the Commons, and they refused to proceed 

 with it. The precise nature of the charge is not known ; aud it seems 

 highly improbable, from Tonstall's character, that he should have 

 involved himself in any insurrectionary or other treasonable scheme. 

 In the Lords the bill was strongly opposed by Cramner, who " spoke 

 so freely against it," says Burnet, " that the Duke of Northumberland 

 and he were never after that in friendship together." The duke how- 

 ever was not to be cheated of his prey : the parliament was dissolved 

 in April 1552; but on the 21st of September thereafter a commission 

 was issued to the chief justice of the King's Bench and seven others, 

 empowering them to call Tonstall before them, to examine him touch- 

 ing all manner of conspiracies, &c., and, if they found him guilty, to 



